N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice

N108: Transition to the Registered Professional Nurse Role Study Guide

Appendix D: Answer Keys

Chapter 1 1. B Growth and development occurs from head to foot and from proximal to distal. 2. C The Moro reflex is also called the startlereflex and occurs when the infant hears a loud noise or when she is jostled suddenly. Absence of the Moro reflex in an infant younger than four months old or presence of the reflex in the older child is not normal. The Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the sole of the foot. 3. D The toddler is learning to trust those who care for him at the same time he is being toilet trained. Accidents during the night are not uncommon through the toddler years. Rather than scolding or berating the child when he has an accident, the more appropriate action is to praise him when he has success. 4. A According to Piaget, the preschool years are a time of great imagination and fantasy. The child sees things as he wants them to be and may tell wild tales. 5. A Accidents are a leading cause of injury and death in the school-aged child, so teaching should revolve around ways to protect himself from injury. 6. B Fulfilling obligations and following expectations are seen as moral law for individuals in this stage. Younger childrenwill follow rules to avoid negative consequences. In the post-conventional stage, the young adult sees moral law as upholding the values of the culture. Older adults will judge actions based on higher levels of morality. 7. C In the individuating-reflexive stage, the young adult begins to govern himself without the need for rules from the outside. In the undifferentiated faith stage, the infant begins to develop basic trust. In the synthetic-conventional stage, authority is located outside of the individual (laws, rules, mores, etc.). In the paradoxical-consolidative faith stage, the individual begins to understand that there are sometimes not absolute right and wrong answers to moral questions. 8. A In middle adulthood, the major developmental task identified by Erikson is generativity vs. stagnation. During this stage, work life is critical and the individual expects to produce and be “in charge.” 9. B All senses tend to diminish as the individual ages. This fact is critical for the nurse caring for the elderly since these sensory impairments can create safety hazards for the individual. 10. D An Apgar Score over 7 is considered normal.

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