N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice

N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice Study Guide

Common Health Problems Identified in this Stage During adolescence, the child is beginning to identify more with outside influences and less with the family. Some of the common problems in this stage include: • Motor vehicle accidents • Suicide and homicide • Falls, drowning, and poisoning • Drug and alcohol use and abuse • Sexually transmitted diseases • Unwanted/unplanned pregnancies Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks During this period, the developmental tasks include beginning to develop more mature relationships with peers, further development of appropriate social roles, accepting one’s own body, further development of independence from family, development of a solid ethical system, achievement of responsible behavior, and preparation for an occupation and starting one’s own family. Freud’s Psychosocial Development Genital stage: This stage begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers. The primary focus of pleasure is the genitals . Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Expected outcome: Identity vs. role confusion Beginning in adolescence, development depends primarily upon what the individual does rather than what is done to her. Life becomes more complex as she attempts to find herown identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues. The task in this stage is to discover who she is as an individual apart from her family of origin and as a member of a wider society. If the individual is unsuccessful in navigating this stage, she will experience role confusion and upheaval. A significant task is to establish a philosophy of life, and in this process, the individual will tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict-free, rather than reality, which is not. During this stage, the individual will develop strong devotion to friends and causes. The most significant relationships during adolescence are typically with peer groups. Further, the adolescent is able to reason and understand teaching; however, peer pressure and a fear of being different may prevent the adolescent from following a regimen. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Formal operations phase: During this stage, the child has finally developed cognition to its final form. The individual no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments. At this stage, the adolescent is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Teaching for the adolescent may be much more diverse since she will be able to consider many possibilities from different perspectives. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Conventional level: Children begin to understand what is expected of them by their parents, teacher, and other authority figures. Morality is seen as achieving these expectations. Fulfilling obligations, as well as following expectations, are seen as moral law during this stage.

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