SAMPLE NCLEX-LPN

‭Bacteria's‬‭reactions‬‭to‬‭laboratory‬‭testing‬‭can‬‭vary.‬ ‭Gram-positive‬ ‭bacteria‬‭respond‬‭to‬‭gram‬‭staining‬‭due‬ ‭to‬‭their‬‭thick‬‭walls‬‭containing‬‭peptidoglycan‬‭and‬‭teichoic‬‭acid.‬ ‭Gram-negative‬ ‭bacteria,‬‭which‬‭are‬‭more‬ ‭common,‬ ‭lack‬ ‭such‬ ‭a‬ ‭reaction‬ ‭because‬ ‭of‬ ‭their‬ ‭thin‬ ‭walls,‬ ‭which‬ ‭comprise‬ ‭a‬ ‭lipid‬ ‭membrane‬ ‭with‬ ‭endotoxins like lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides.‬ ‭Bacteria‬ ‭can‬ ‭also‬ ‭be‬ ‭categorized‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭their‬ ‭ability‬ ‭to‬ ‭resist‬ ‭color‬ ‭changes‬ ‭during‬ ‭staining‬ ‭procedures. Acid-fast bacteria resist decolorization when stained with Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun stain.‬ ‭The‬‭four phases‬‭of bacterial growth are as follows:‬ ‭●‬ ‭Lag‬ ‭Phase‬ ‭:‬ ‭Bacteria‬ ‭acclimate‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭environment,‬‭mature‬‭without‬‭division,‬‭and‬‭undergo‬‭RNA‬ ‭synthesis to prepare for rapid growth.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Log Phase‬ ‭: Rapid and continuous growth occurs until‬‭nutrients are depleted.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Stationary‬ ‭Phase‬ ‭:‬ ‭Depletion‬ ‭of‬ ‭necessary‬ ‭nutrients‬ ‭leads‬ ‭to‬ ‭growth‬ ‭cessation‬ ‭and‬ ‭reduced‬ ‭metabolic activity.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Death Phase‬ ‭: The bacteria's life cycle ends.‬

‭Viruses:‬ ‭Are‬‭composed‬‭of‬ ‭RNA,‬‭DNA,‬‭and‬‭proteins‬‭with‬‭an‬‭outer‬‭lipid-protein‬‭coat‬ ‭.‬‭They‬‭are‬‭smaller‬ ‭than‬ ‭bacteria‬ ‭and‬ ‭possess‬ ‭varying‬ ‭host‬ ‭ranges.‬ ‭Some‬ ‭viruses‬ ‭impact‬ ‭multiple‬ ‭species,‬ ‭while‬ ‭others‬ ‭affect only a specific species.‬

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