NCLEX-PN

●​ Treatment : Address underlying causes, intravenous fluid hydration, medications (e.g., prednisone, diuretics, bisphosphonates). b.​ Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium Levels) ●​ Causes : Renal disease, inadequate dietary calcium, vitamin D deficiency, low magnesium levels, certain medications, and more. ●​ Signs and Symptoms : Muscular aches, bronchospasm, seizures, tetany, cardiac arrhythmias, tingling, and more. ●​ Treatment : Correct underlying causes, calcium supplements with vitamin D.

4.​ Magnesium (Mg+) : Normal Level: 1.7-2.2 mg/dL a.​ Hypermagnesemia (High Magnesium Levels):

●​ Causes: Renal failure, dehydration, diabetic acidosis, certain medications, and excessive use of magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids. ●​ Signs and Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, respiratory disturbances, weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, central nervous system depression, and hypotension. ●​ Treatment: Address underlying causes, calcium gluconate, calcium chloride, intravenous dextrose and insulin, renal dialysis. b.​ Hypomagnesemia (Low Magnesium Levels): ●​ Causes : Diuretics, uncontrolled diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, certain medications, and more. ●​ Signs and Symptoms : Numbness, tingling, muscular weakness, convulsions, spasms, fatigue, nystagmus. ●​ Treatment : Medications for symptom relief, intravenous fluids and magnesium. 5.​ Phosphate : Normal Level: 0.81-1.45 mmol/L a.​ Hyperphosphatemia (High Phosphate Levels): ●​ Causes : Severe renal disease, hypoparathyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis, serious infections, rhabdomyolysis, and more.

541

© 2025 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | NCLEX-PN ​

​

​

​

​