NCLEX-PN

●​ Signs and Symptoms : Can be asymptomatic or present with muscular spasms, palpable calcifications, itchiness, and complications like impaired circulation, cardiovascular issues, and more. ●​ Treatment : Dietary phosphate restriction, phosphate binders (lanthanum, sevelamer). b.​ Hypophosphatemia (Low Phosphate Levels): ●​ Causes : Chronic diarrhea, severe burns, hyperparathyroidism, severe malnutrition, alcoholism, medications (e.g., diuretics, theophylline), and more. ●​ Signs and Symptoms : Can range from mild to severe and life-threatening with symptoms like muscular weakness, convulsions, fatigue, tingling, and more. ●​ Treatment : Cardiac monitoring, oral/intravenous potassium phosphate, high-phosphorus diet encouragement. 6.​ Chloride (Cl–) : Normal Level: 97-107 mEq/L a.​ Hyperchloremia (High Chloride Levels): ●​ Causes : Dehydration, medications, renal disease, diabetes, diarrhea, and more. ●​ Signs and Symptoms : Thirst, edema, dehydration, diarrhea, respiratory issues, hypertension, cognitive changes, and coma. ●​ Treatment : Address underlying causes, cautious fluid administration, avoid rapid rehydration. b.​ Hypochloremia (Low Chloride Levels): ●​ Causes : Vomiting, hypoventilation, cystic fibrosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and more. ●​ Signs and Symptoms : Dehydration, nausea, vomiting, muscular symptoms, respiratory depression, weakness, and more. ●​ Treatment : Chloride replacements, fluids, and medications as needed. 7.​ Fluid Imbalances a.​ Hypervolemia (Fluid Overload): ●​ Causes : Increased sodium levels (hypernatremia), excessive fluid intake, conditions like heart failure, renal failure, and hepatic failure. ●​ Signs and Symptoms : Hypertension, dyspnea, edema, crackles in lungs, jugular vein distension, peripheral edema, tachycardia. ●​ Treatment : Address underlying causes, fluid and sodium restrictions, diuretics.

542

© 2025 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | NCLEX-PN ​

​

​

​

​