Nursing 109

N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice Study Guide

Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmen Expected outcome: Industry vs. inferiority During this stage, the child will begin to learn new knowledge and skills, thus developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of development and if the individual experiences unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among peers, he can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem. As the world expands a bit, the most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Parents are no longer the complete authorities they once were, although they are still important. A person at this developmental stage understands cause and effect and has some reasoning skills. While this age can learn healthcare skills, the school-age child will need reminders to maintain a regimen of treatment. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Concrete operations phase: During this stage, accommodation increases and the child begins to move from egocentrism to cooperation. The child develops an ability to think abstractly and to make rational judgments about concrete or observable phenomena, which in the past he needed to manipulate physically to understand. In giving instructions to this child, giving him the opportunity to ask questions and to explain things back to you allows him to mentally manipulate information. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Pre-conventional level: Morality is defined as obeying rules and avoiding negative consequences. Children in this stage see rules set, typically by parents, as defining moral law. They try to live up to these expectations. Whatever satisfies the child’s needs is seen as good andmoral. Conventional level: Older school-age children begin to understand what is expected of them by their parents, teacher, and other authority figures. Morality is seen as achieving these expectations. Fulfilling obligations as well as following expectations are seen as moral law during this stage. Fowler’s Spiritual Development Mythic-literal faith: In this stage, the individual will start sorting out the real from the make-believe. Beliefs, moral rules, and attitudes are held as literal truth. The individual is also more able to take the perspective of another person, but his view of reciprocity is also literal. 1.6 Adolescent: 12 to 18 Years Physical Development During puberty, growth accelerates and physical appearance may change dramatically. This typically happens by the age of 14 for girls, and by the age of 16 for boys. Because growth is so rapid, the adolescent is often uncoordinated and awkward. As the production of sex hormones increases, primary and secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop. For girls, this is usually seen first as the breasts begin to develop, followed by pubic hair. The onset of menarche is approximately two years after the breast buds begin to develop. Female reproductive organs are usually adult size by 20 years old. For boys, pubic hair and the enlargement of the scrotum and testes are usually the first signs of sexual development. A boy’s first ejaculation usually occurs around age 14 and full sexual maturity occurs by about 18 years.

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