Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Study Guide

to produce and release the follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which signals the testes to produce testosterone. Causes for secondary hypogonadism are Kallmann syndrome, pituitary disorders, inflammatory disease, HIV/AIDS, medications, obesity, normal aging, and concurrent illness. Cryptorchidism Also known as an undescended testicle, cryptorchidism is the male reproductive disorder characterized by non-movement of the testicle into the scrotum. This is a disorder of birth and generally involves one testicle, but may affect both the testicles in rare cases. Causes of cryptorchidism are not known precisely, but it is influenced by genetics, maternal health, nerve activity, physical health, and environmental factors. The major sign of this disorder is the lack of a testicle at its correct position. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a male reproductive disorder characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland; it can cause blockage of urine, issues with the urinary tract, and other kidney problems. The prostate gland is located below the bladder and transfers urine from the bladder to the penis by passing through the prostate center. In cases of BPH, the prostate enlarges and blocks the normal flow of urine. It is generally caused by the imbalance of sex hormones. Major signs and symptoms of BPH are a frequent urge to urinate, nocturia, difficult starting urination, weakness in the urine stream, dribbling at the end of urination, and an inability to completely empty the bladder. Infertility Causes of infertility among males include abnormal production or functioning of sperm, problems with sperm delivery, overexposure to certain chemicals and toxins, and cancer along with its treatment therapies. Signs and symptoms associated with male infertility are problems with sexual function, pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area, recurrent respiratory infections, the inability to smell, abnormal growth in the breast, a decrease in facial or body hair, and lower sperm count.

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