Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Study Guide

©2018 of 131 substances are removed from the bloodstream. Peritoneal dialysis can further be continuous ambulatory and continuous cycler-assisted. The abdomen is filled and filtered with dialysate many times a day with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Continuous cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis is a machine that is used to cycle the fluid in and out of the abdomen and is generally performed at night while sleeping. Transplant Kidney transplant is a surgery in which a donor's kidney is implanted into the recipient's body, whose kidney has failed and is not able to perform its normal function. There are two kidneys but one kidney is sufficient for transplanting in the person's body when both kidneys fail. Kidney transplantation is performed to treat end stage kidney failure so that the person can survive. In this surgery, the new donated kidney is transplanted inside the lower abdomen by connecting the veins and arteries of the body with that of the new kidney. There are many complications associated with the procedure. Some risks involved are the formation of blood clots, bleeding, leakage or blockage from a ureter tube infection, failure of the transplanted kidney, immune rejection of the new kidney, infection transmitted from the donor kidney, heart attack, stroke, or death. 5.6 End Stage Renal Disease End-stage renal disease is the last stage of chronic kidney failure or disease. In this condition, the kidneys are unable to function to meet the needs of the body. At this stage, the functioning of kidneys falls below 10 percent. The most common causes of end-stage renal or kidney disease are diabetes and hypertension, and it mostly occurs after chronic kidney disease. In the case of diabetes, the ability of the body to break down glucose fails, and thus, high levels of glucose remain in the bloodstream, which damages nephrons. Moreover, hypertension exerts force upon the small blood vessels in the kidney, causing damage to the kidneys such that the filtration function of the kidneys is impaired. Signs and symptoms of end-stage renal disease are decreased volume of urine, inability to urinate, feeling ill, headache, unintended loss in weight, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dryness in skin, itching of the skin, cyanosis, pain in bones, easy bruising, nose-bleeds, numb hands and feet, bad breath, excessive thirst, hiccups, loss of menstrual cycles in women, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, low impotence, and edema in the legs and hands. 5.7 Infection Apart from diseases of the kidney, there are a few infections carried through various microorganisms that lead to discomfort, pain, and impairment of normal functioning of different organs in the renal system of the body. Some of the infections in the renal system are discussed below. Achieve Page 84