Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Study Guide

Symptoms include blood in the urine, a lump in the abdomen or sides, persistent pain in the side, unintended weight loss, non-infectious fever, extreme fatigue, anemia, edema in the ankles and legs, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and pain in the bones. Other similar neoplasms that can occur include prostate cancer, bladder cancer, penile cancer, testicular cancer, and urethral cancer. 5.11 Stone Formation Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of minerals and acid salts inside the kidney. These stones can influence any part of the urinary tract. It is generally caused when urine gets concentrated such that minerals crystallize and stick together. These stones can be of different types, like calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cysteine. Symptoms of kidney stones include severe pain below the ribs at the back and side that spreads to the groin area and lower abdomen, fluctuating pain, pain while urinating, blood in the urine, cloudy and bad odor in urine, vomiting, nausea, frequent urge to pass urine, frequent urination, fever, and chills. Another disorder is bladder stones, which are the crystals formed from urine when all the urine is not emptied from the bladder. Causes of bladder stones are prostate gland enlargement, neurogenic bladder, inflammation, bladder catheters, and kidney stones. Symptoms of bladder stones include pain in the lower abdomen, pain and discomfort in the penis, pain while urinating, frequent urge to pass urine, blood in urine, and dark-color of urine.

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