Sociology

Sociology Study Guide

monarchy. Wealth becomes unequally shared which spurs trade. The greater role of trade encourages the development of currency; it also provides another reason for the development of written language (along with government regulations and taxation). Religion becomes a separate entity or institution, and military organizations evolve as war erupts between societies. • Industrialized Societies: These societies rely on mechanized production facilities instead of animal or human power. This type of society is rapidly emerging as a dominant force in today’s world. Technological changes are constantly being developed, leaving these societies in a constant state of change. Improved standards of living increase the possible population limits, which becomes highly urban. Government and bureaucracies thrive in the large industrial population. Because of the more technical job force, education is a more necessary part of life. The inequalities inherent in social class structure are more easily overcome, and representative governments evolve to voice the opinions of several. Industrialized nations seldom war with one another. Because the economy becomes more and more diverse with technology, families become less centered on providing food for themselves. They also become less involved in education and are less involved in religious practices. Instead, scientific knowledge is revered and education of young is left to those thought to be better at it. • Post-Industrial Societies: Post-industrial societies use a combination of labor, capital, technology, and raw materials. They develop into interdependent environments. Computers become vitally important as global interconnectedness increases. Education and science are seen as keys to success, and all technological innovations are hailed as valuable commodities. Most problems are centeredaround the imbalance of resources, financial and political. Those imbalances spread out to environmental concerns as more raw materials are used to meet the demanding needs of a growing population. One primary focus of the post-industrial society is the achievement of equal rights. As societies progress from one to the next, or stagnate and remain successful at whatever level they are, they interact with the world around them in different ways. They also provide differing social structures and role requirements. 3.3 Socialization Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the roles and structure of their society. In this process of social interactions, individuals also learn what the roles of others should be or are. Strong instincts are lacking in the human race, so socialization helps make up what is lacking in the adaptation process of human young. Just what is learned through socialization? Language, norms, skills, beliefs, values, what is and is not appropriate behavior and thoughts, etc. Each individual in a society also develops a sense of their self-worth through the same process. Is their self-image negative or positive and how much is determined by environment and how much by internal markers is still open to debate. The process of socialization is lifelong and in a constant state of change. Beginning at birth, most of an individual’s socialization has cemented by the end of childhood. Emotional development, a large part of socialization, seems to occur at rather fixed increments, according to recent research. While a

©2018

Achieve Test Prep

Page 59

of 172