Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide • Gliding joints permit limited movement, generally in a single plane. • Hinge joints are monaxial joints that permit only angular movement in one plane. • Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit only rotation. • Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints with an oval articular face that nestles within a depression in the opposing articular surface. • Saddle joints are biaxial joints with articular faces that are concave on one axis and convex on the other. • Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation as well as other movements. Intervertebral discs and ligaments are structural components of intervertebral articulations: • The articular processes of vertebrae form gliding joints with those of adjacent vertebrae. The bodies form symphyseal joints that are separated and cushioned by intervertebral discs, which contain an outer annulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus. Several ligaments stabilize the vertebral column. With advancing age, arthritis and other degenerative changes impair joint mobility: • Problems with joint function are relatively common, especially in older individuals. Rheumatism is a general term for pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system, the muscular system, or both; several major forms exist. Arthritis encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints. Both conditions become increasingly common with age.

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