Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide • The optic nerves (CN II) carry visual information from special sensory receptors in the eyes. • The oculomotor nerves (CN III) are the primary source of innervation for four of the extra- ocular muscles. • The trochlear nerves (CN IV), the smallest cranial nerves, innervate the superior oblique muscles of the eyes. • The trigeminal nerves (CN V), the largest cranial nerves, are mixed nerves with ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches. • The abducens nerves (CN VI) innervate the lateral rectus muscles. • The facial nerves (CN VII) are mixed nerves that control muscles of the scalp and face. They provide pressure sensations over the face and receive taste information from the tongue. • The vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII) contain the vestibular branch, which monitors sensations of balance, position, and movement, and the cochlear branch, which monitors hearing receptors. • The glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX) are mixed nerves that innervate the tongue and pharynx and control the action of swallowing. • The vagus nerves (CN X) are mixed nerves that are vital to the autonomic control of visceral function. • The accessory nerves (CN XI) have internal branches, which innervate voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx, and external branches, which control muscles associated with the pectoral girdle. • The hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) provide voluntary motor control over tongue movements. Cranial reflexes involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves: • Cranial reflexes are monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs that involve sensory andmotor fibers of cranial nerves.

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