Human Growth and Development

Level

Stages

Preconventional Morality Understanding right and wrong based on rewards and punishments. Conventional Morality The view that others matter, either avoiding the blame or attempting to seek approval Post-Conventional Morality This is an abstract view of justice, where others' rights can override obedience to laws.

I : Actions that avoid punishment are considered good. II : Rewards are given when the right thing is done. III : When there are good intentions, one will conform to good behavior. IV : Being obedient to authority and understanding the importance of doing the necessary duty V : Knowing the difference between moral and legal rights. VI : Conscience by individuals and principles.

Moral Development: Gilligan vs. Kohlberg Carol Gilligan challenged Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, arguing that it was biased toward male reasoning. She believed that men and women approach morality differently due to socialization and life experiences. ●​ Ethics of Justice: Men tend to focus on fairness, laws, and universal moral principles when making ethical decisions. ●​ Ethics of Care: Women emphasize relationships, empathy, and the needs of others, considering context and social connections in moral reasoning. Gilligan’s contributions highlight that both justice and care are essential for a comprehensive view of moral development.

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