Human Growth and Development

Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development Piaget believed that moral development is gradual and occurs in three stages: 1.​ Heteronomous Morality (5–9 years old): Children see rules as absolute and follow them out of fear of punishment. ＞ ​ Example: A child doesn’t steal because they’re afraid of getting caught. 2.​ Autonomous Morality (9–10 years old): Children begin to create their own moral rules based on fairness and mutual respect. ＞ ​ Example: A child doesn’t steal because they believe it is wrong. 3.​ Ideal Reciprocity: Moral decisions consider both personal and societal needs, balancing fairness and empathy. Piaget’s theory shows that moral reasoning evolves with age and cognitive development. Risk and Resilience Risk factors increase the likelihood of negative developmental outcomes, while resilience factors help individuals overcome challenges and thrive.

Examples of Risks

Examples of Resilience Factors

Environmental risks: Poverty, unstable housing, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of education. Social and family risks: Neglect, abuse, peer pressure, bullying, social isolation. Individual risks: Chronic illness, disability, mental health issues, low self-confidence.

Individual characteristics: Family, mentors, teachers, peer support. Support system: Self-regulation, problem-solving, positive self-esteem. Growth opportunities: Engaging in learning, hobbies, sports, or meaningful activities.

Throughout life, individuals face both internal and external risks, but the presence of protective factors can help them develop resilience and succeed despite challenges. Possible Conflicts in Infancy

●​ Attachment issues from inconsistent caregiving or neglect. ●​ Health risks from poor nutrition or exposure to toxins. Possible Conflicts in Early Childhood ●​ Emotional struggles due to family conflicts, divorce, or abuse. ●​ Cognitive delays from poverty, lack of educational resources, or neglect. Possible Conflicts in Middle Childhood ●​ Social anxiety from peer pressure or bullying. ●​ Academic or behavioral issues from family instability or economic stress.

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