Human Growth and Development

Erik Erikson Erikson’s psychological theory explains how social interactions shape personality throughout life. He identified eight stages of development , each with a challenge (or conflict) that needs to be solved. If a person successfully overcomes the challenge, they develop positive personality traits. If not, it can lead to problems. Emotions are important in these stages as people struggle with questions about who they are, their abilities and their relationships.

Here's a breakdown of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development:

Successful Resolution

Unsuccessful Resolution

Age

Stage/Conflict

Key Development

Birth–1 year

Trust vs. Mistrust

Developing trust in caregivers to meet basic needs Developing independence and self-control Taking initiative and exploring the world Developing competence and a sense of accomplishment Exploring varying roles and establishing a sense of self Forming close, intimate relationships Contributing to society and future generations

Hope and Trust

Mistrust and Fear

2–3 years

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt

Willpower and Self-Sufficiency

Shame and Doubt in Abilities

4–5 years

Purpose and Sense of Direction Competence and Confidence

Guilt and Inhibition

6–11 years Industry vs. Inferiority

Inferiority and Feelings of Inadequacy

12–18 years

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Fidelity to a Chosen Identity

Role Confusion and Uncertainty

Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Capacity for Love and Intimacy Sense of Meaning and Accomplishment, Ability to care Wisdom, Acceptance, and Integrity

Social Isolation and Loneliness Stagnation and Feeling Unproductive

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Late Adulthood

Integrity vs. Despair

Reflecting on life's accomplishments and finding meaning

Despair, Regret, and Fear of Death

Psychosocial development is about how the mind and social experiences shape a person’s growth over their lifetime.

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