Human Growth and Development

Learning Disabilities Learning disabilities (LD) cause persistent difficulties in specific learning areas, such as reading, writing, or math. These difficulties stem from the way the brain processes information. Children with an LD typically have average or above average intelligence , but they struggle with specific skills even with proper teaching and no other issues like vision problems or intellectual disabilities, These disorders are affected by atypical development in one or more cognitive domains, including: ●​ Language: Difficulties with spoken or written language ●​ Learning: Challenges with specific academic skills ＞ ​ Reading (dyslexia) : Trouble recognizing words, reading fluently, or understanding what is read ＞ ​ Writings (dysgraphia) : Problems with handwriting, spelling, or organizing thoughts in writing ＞ ​ Math (dyscalculia) : Struggles with numbers, calculations and understanding math concepts ●​ Motor Skills: Difficulties with fine motor skills ＞ ​ Fine motor skills: Difficulty with tasks like handwriting or using small objects ＞ ​ Gross motor skills: Trouble with balance, coordination or larger movements ●​ Attention: Symptoms can overlap with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ＞ ​ Difficulty focusing on tasks, sustaining attention, or controlling impulses ●​ Executive Functioning: Struggles with skills needed for daily organization and problem-solving ＞ ​ Trouble planning, managing time, staying organized and controlling emotions ●​ Social Interaction: Difficulties in social communication, understanding social cues, or forming and maintaining friendships. ＞ ​ Trouble understanding facial expressions or tone of voice ＞ ​ Struggles with pragmatics ( using language appropriately in conversations) ＞ ​ Challenge in making and keeping friends Early identification and intervention can Identifying these challenges early and providing support can: ●​ Reduce the impact of these challenges on a child's academic achievement, self-esteem, and social development. ●​ Offer special therapies and support systems to address specific learning challenges. ●​ Teach children useful strategies to help manage their challenges. ＞ ​ Receptive skills: difficulty understanding what others say ＞ ​ Expressive skills: Struggles with speaking or writing clearly ＞ ​ May include delays in vocabulary, grammar or fluency

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