Human Growth and Development

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder (brain-related) that involves ongoing difficulties with social communications and repetitive behaviors, interests or activities. Signs usually appear in the first three years of life, although diagnosis may not occur until later. ASD is on a spectrum, meaning the symptoms can range from mild to severe varying from person to person. Some individuals with ASD need a lot more support, while others may live more independent lives. The exact cause of ASD is still being studied. However, research suggests genetics play a big role, along with possible environmental influences. Diagnosing ASD is important in helping a child reach their full potential so they can have a better quality of life. Here are some common early signs that parents or caregivers may notice:

●​ Trouble having back-and-forth conversations ●​ Difficulty making or keeping friends ●​ Struggles to understand facial expressions or body language ●​ Little or no interest in socializing

Social Interactions

●​ Delays in learning to talk ●​ Unusual speech patterns, like repeating words or phrases(echolalia) or mixing up pronouns ●​ Limited or repetitive ways of communicating ●​ Rarely speaks on their own without prompting

Communication

●​ Intense focus on specific topics or activities ●​ Repetitive movements, like hand flapping or rocking ●​ Repeating certain words, sounds or phrases(stereotyped speech) ●​ Strong dislike of changes in routine or environment

Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behaviors

It is important to remember that these are just general guidelines, ASD can look different in each person. Some children may not show all of these signs, and symptoms can range from mild to severe. A healthcare professional with expertise in ASD diagnosis can do a full evaluation to determine if a child meets the criteria for ASD. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a well-established neurodevelopmental disorder (brain-related) that makes it difficult to focus, regulate hyperactivity and control impulses. These core challenges usually appear in early childhood, often before a child starts school (around 4-6 years old). While symptoms can become less or change over time, the difficulties often last throughout life. For example , a child that is very active can become less hyper as they grow older, but problems with focus can continue to influence schoolwork, social interactions and daily life. ADHD can have long-term effects and early diagnosis and support is very important. This persistence underscores the critical importance of early identification and intervention for ADHD. Early intervention programs can help children manage their symptoms, improve their learning skills and develop positive social-emotional skills .

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