Human Growth and Development

6.​ What is the difference between correlation and causation?

A.​ Correlation proves cause and effect, while causation only establishes a relationship between two variables B.​ Correlation shows that as one variable increases the other decreases, while causation shows that as one variable decreases then the other increases C.​ Correlation only establishes a relationship between two variables, while causation proves cause and effect D.​ Correlation and causation both prove cause and effect E.​ Correlation shows that variables are always changing together, while causation shows that one variable directly causes the other. 7.​ Which statement best explains the fundamental difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs? A.​ Cross-sectional studies are part of sequential research design, while longitudinal studies are not. B.​ Longitudinal studies are part of sequential research design, while cross-sectional studies are not. C.​ Cross-sectional studies examine the same group at multiple time points, while longitudinal studies analyze different groups at the same time. D.​ Longitudinal studies examine the same group at multiple time points, while cross-sectional studies analyze different groups at the same time. E.​ Cross-sectional studies focus on individuals over time, while longitudinal studies focus on individuals at a single point in time. 8.​ Which of the following is an example of test-retest reliability, which is the consistency of test scores if you give the same test to the same people twice, with some time in between? A.​ A group of inpatient psychiatric men were asked to complete the Beck Depression Inventory at admission and then a week later. The scores on the two occasions had a correlation of 0.75. B.​ Five faculty members of a local university were asked to judge an essay contest. The scores from each of the five judges were correlated with each other. The correlation was 0.82. C.​ High school students were given Form A of the ACT during their first semester and Form B of the ACT during their second semester. The scores on the two forms had a correlation of 0.63. D.​ A researcher measures the same group of participants' IQ levels using a single test on two separate occasions, and the results have a correlation of -0.25. E.​ None of the options are correct.

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