Human Growth and Development

33.​ Four-year-old Haley sees her older cousin Taylor get praised and rewarded for playing the piano well at her cousin’s house. The following week, Haley requests piano lessons and pretends to play on their coffee table. What psychological concepts does this scenario best illustrate? A.​ Vicarious reinforcement, as Haley is motivated to learn piano after seeing Taylor receive a reward.

B.​ Deferred imitation, as Haley imitates the piano playing she observed, but at a later time.

C.​ Both vicarious reinforcement and deferred imitation, as Haley both imitates Taylor and is motivated by the reward Taylor receives. D.​ Neither vicarious reinforcement nor deferred imitation, as Haley's actions are not directly linked to Taylor's behavior.

E.​ Classical conditioning, as Haley associates the piano with the reward Taylor received.

34.​Children are shown a movie of an adult hitting and kicking a rubber doll, and then getting scolded for doing so. Later, the children are given access to the doll. Videotapes of the children made with a hidden camera reveal that

A.​ They hit but did not kick the doll. B.​ Some hit and kick the doll, while others do not. C.​ The boys hit the doll, while the girls played gently with it.

D.​ The children avoid the doll. E.​ The girls console the doll. 35.​ What type of balance did Gilligan believe individuals strive for as they move through the stages of moral development?

A.​ A balance between caring for one's self and others B.​ A balance between neutrality and gender difference C.​ A balance between a caring perspective and a lack of empathy D.​ A balance between the influence of mother and father E.​ A balance between being obedient and disobedient

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