Human Growth and Development

5.​ B: This is an example of classical conditioning because McDonald's is associating the positive qualities of Olympic athletes (health and success) with its fast food. Over time, viewers may begin to associate the healthy image of athletes with the brand, creating a conditioned response where they believe McDonald's is a healthy choice. 6.​ D: Nurture refers to the environmental factors, including experiences and upbringing, that influence human development. Since Alex believes that people are shaped by their environment and learned experiences, he emphasizes the role of nurture over nature, which involves genetic factors. 7.​ A: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory suggests that a child’s development is influenced by multiple interacting contexts. These contexts include the microsystem , where the child has direct interactions (e.g., family, school), and the exosystem, where external factors (e.g., a parent's workplace) indirectly affect the child. The macrosystem represents the broader cultural environment that shapes all other systems. 8.​ A: Correlational research examines the relationship between two variables, without implying causation. For instance, researchers might explore whether age correlates with depression levels . Unlike correlational studies, experiments aim to identify cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables. 9.​ D: Validity refers to the accuracy of a study in measuring what it intends to measure. If a study produces valid results, it effectively assesses the concepts it aims to evaluate. 10.​ D: In true experimental research, all other factors are controlled, except for the one being studied. For example, Marsha conducted an experiment with two groups of 15-year-old girls to explore the relationship between chocolate consumption and acne, finding no correlation between the two. This control of variables allows researchers to draw more reliable conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect, but even controlled studies may have limitations depending on the context and variables considered. Chapter 2: Building Blocks of Development 1.​ C: Nearsightedness and farsightedness are influenced by multiple genes, and the way these traits are inherited may follow a dominant-recessive pattern in some cases. If Taylor's parents carry recessive genes for nearsightedness, these genes could combine in Taylor, resulting in his nearsightedness despite his parents being farsighted. This fits with the dominant-recessive genetic principle. 2.​ A: During the middle of the embryonic period , a process known as gastrulation occurs, creating three layers called germ layers that play a crucial role in the development of tissues and organs. 3.​ A: The Proximodistal Principle describes how physical development occurs from the center of the body outward . For instance, newborns typically gain control over the muscles in their trunks before gradually learning to coordinate their arms and legs, as seen when they transition from

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