Human Growth and Development

Chapter 5: Individual Di erences 1.​ B: Freud's theory focuses on the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. It includes concepts such as repression and the interaction between three mental structures: the id (instincts), ego (reality), and superego (morality). According to this theory, unresolved issues from childhood, particularly those connected to basic desires and instincts, can be pushed into the unconscious mind, later shaping behavior and personality in adulthood. 2.​ C: A predictable routine can help reduce anxiety and provide Jamie with a sense of security. Teaching calming techniques , such as deep breathing, counting, or using a calm-down corner, empowers him to manage his emotions more effectively. This aligns with emotional regulation theories, which emphasize the importance of understanding and managing one's emotions in various contexts. Ignoring him ( A ) could make him feel neglected and unsupported during moments when he needs help the most. While solitude ( B ) can provide a break from overwhelming situations, excessive isolation can hinder social development. Punishment ( D ) can exacerbate feelings of anxiety and resentment, leading to more intense reactions over time. While providing comfort items ( E ) can be helpful in some situations, over-reliance on them may hinder Jamie's ability to develop internal coping mechanisms. Note that each child’s temperament is unique, and different approaches may be more or less effective depending on the individual. 3.​ C: Autism is a spectrum, and the behaviors, strengths, and challenges of people with autism can vary greatly. Some individuals with autism may show reduced interest in social interaction and might not respond as much to social cues . 4.​ E: Chronic illnesses are long-lasting health conditions that can impact an individual's ability to function normally. Examples of chronic illnesses include HIV/AIDS, arthritis, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. The impact of chronic illnesses varies from person to person, and treatment plans can greatly affect quality of life. 5.​ E: Compulsive handwashing is a common behavior in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD involves recurring thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions), often as a way to reduce anxiety. Compulsions like handwashing can interfere with daily activities. However, OCD manifests differently for each person, and not all individuals experience both obsessions and compulsions together. 6.​ C: Dementia is a cognitive disorder that primarily affects memory and reasoning skills, and it can lead to changes in personality. Option C is most characteristic of dementia, as it involves significant memory loss concerning familiar individuals, leading to confusion and anxiety. This condition is more common in older adults, though the onset and symptoms can vary. Not all memory loss in older adults is caused by dementia; other factors, such as stress or medications, can also affect memory. 7.​ A: The DSM-5 defines intellectual disability as requiring deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning, with onset before age 22. The IQ test, originally based on the Stanford-Binet

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