Human Growth and Development

other hand, authoritative parents set clear guidelines but also offer emotional support and responsiveness, while permissive parents provide high emotional support but few behavioral guidelines. Marissa's parents follow the authoritarian model . 3.​ D: Television, although sometimes criticized, can benefit children if it involves educational or culturally enriching content. The impact of television on children can vary depending on the type of content , and different parents may have varying opinions about screen time. 4.​ C: Clinton is in the third stage of grief, known as bargaining , where he contemplates "if-then" scenarios. For example, he might think, "If I get better, then I’ll appreciate my family more." However, the stages of grief, like Kübler-Ross’s model, are general frameworks and may not apply uniformly to every individual’s experience of loss. 5.​ D: Hospice is a program that supports terminally ill patients and their families through the dying process. The goal of hospice is to ensure a painless death for the patient , in a setting that is as comfortable as possible. 6.​ C: A child who has a knack for art that is reinforced by teachers or peers will develop a sense of confidence and industriousness during this stage of life, which will help him to see himself as having value amongst his peers. 7.​ A: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by removing an unpleasant stimulus. In this case, Alex cleans the bathroom to stop his mother's nagging. The cessation of the nagging (the unpleasant stimulus) reinforces the behavior of cleaning the bathroom, which is typical of negative reinforcement. 8.​ E: During the disenchantment stage of retirement, individuals often feel a sense of uncertainty as the novelty of retirement wears off. At this stage, many people fill their time with activities like volunteer work, hobbies, or classes. 9.​ E: Early intervention programs, when run by well-trained professionals and supported by actively involved families , have been shown to improve children's performance, even into their elementary school years. However, the success of interventions can depend on various factors. 10.​ C: In a Montessori classroom, the teacher provides a flexible, hands-on learning environment where students are encouraged to choose their own activities , fostering independence while promoting growth in intellectual, social, emotional, and physical domains. The teacher’s role is to guide and facilitate, rather than direct, the learning process. (A) is incorrect because it represents a teacher-centered, fixed-curriculum approach. (C) overlooks the Montessori principle of personalized learning. (D) is incorrect because it separates academic subjects from social interactions, whereas Montessori integrates both in a collaborative, hands-on learning environment. (E) is incorrect because it contradicts the Montessori method, which does not rely on standardized testing to measure progress.

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