Human Growth and Development

type of intelligence through his physical mastery of sports. Intelligence is a broad concept, and different models may emphasize varying types of intelligence. 4.​ E: Overextension occurs when a child learning a language incorrectly applies a category label to an object that does not belong to that category but shares some characteristics. For example, a child might call a globe a "ball" due to its similar shape, even though it is not actually a ball. 5.​ B: Two elements of creative intelligence are novelty and automatization , not representation. 6.​ C: Genes are believed to set certain boundaries or limits on the types of traits that can be expressed . Genetic influences on traits are one aspect of development, and other factors like environment and experiences also play a significant role. 7.​ E: The Stanford-Binet test defines the intelligence quotient (IQ) as mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. For example, if a child has a mental age of 8 and a chronological age of 10, the IQ would be calculated as (8 ÷ 10) × 100. 8.​ C: The rouge test involves placing a spot of rouge on a child’s cheek and positioning them in front of a mirror. If the child attempts to remove the rouge, it indicates self-recognition . 9.​ D: Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, highlights that people learn by observing, imitating, and modeling the behaviors of others. In this example, Tom watches a plumber demonstrate a repair and learns by imitating the behavior , which aligns with Bandura’s theory. Other theories suggest that learning can still occur through a variety of methods, including observation, trial and error, and instruction, depending on the situation. 10.​ D: According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in the conventional morality stage, individuals determine right and wrong by applying societal laws. In this case, following the law (e.g., buckling up because it's required ) is an example of this type of moral reasoning. Chapter 4: Contextual Influences 1.​ C: A latchkey child is one who returns home from school to an empty house because their parents are still at work. These children are often responsible for managing tasks like cooking, cleaning, or completing homework on their own before their parents return. Hurried child (A) is incorrect because it refers to a child feeling rushed, which is not relevant to Juan's situation. An only child (B) is not the best fit, as Juan could be an only child, but “latchkey child” better describes his situation. Stepchild ( D ) is incorrect, as there is no indication that Juan is a stepchild. Eldest child ( E ) is also wrong because being the firstborn doesn't necessarily mean doing chores alone, which is the defining trait of a latchkey child. 2.​ B: Parenting styles vary widely across cultures, and the impact of these styles on development may differ based on cultural and social contexts. Baumrind's research into parenting styles and developmental outcomes identified four primary styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. An authoritarian parent emphasizes strict obedience and often uses punishment to enforce rules, offering little explanation or opportunity for children to voice opinions. On the

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