Human Growth and Development

Gender Stability - An understanding developed in early childhood that one's gender remains constant over time, part of Kohlberg’s gender development stages. Gene-Environment Interaction - The complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences in shaping individual traits and behaviors. Genetic Clock - A biological concept that suggests aging is regulated by genetic factors within the chromosomes. Gerontology - The study of aging and the problems associated with older adults. Germ Layers - The primary layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) in early embryonic development that will form all organs and tissues in the body. Glutamate - An excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain involved in learning and memory processes. Hayflick Limit - A theoretical limit to the number of times human cells can divide, associated with aging. Heritability - A statistical estimate that indicates the proportion of observed variation in a trait among individuals in a population that can be attributed to genetic differences. Hippocampus - A brain structure involved in processing long-term memory and spatial navigation. Holophrastic Speech - A stage in early language development where a child uses a single word to convey complex ideas, typically around 12-18 months.

of emotional distress, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Facial Expressions - Visible indicators of emotions, such as smiling or frowning. False Consensus Effect - The tendency to believe our attitudes and behaviors are more common than they are. Fast Mapping - A cognitive process where children quickly learn a new word or concept after only a few exposures. Fluid Intelligence - The capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. Formal Operational Stage - The final stage in Piaget’s theory (ages 12 and up), where individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically. Free Radicals - Unstable atoms produced by metabolism that can damage cells, contributing to aging and disease. Fundamental Attribution Error - The tendency to overestimate the role of internal factors in others' behavior. Gender Consistency - In Kohlberg's theory, the understanding in children (around age 6) that gender remains stable despite changes in appearance or behavior. Gender Identity - A person's perception and understanding of themselves as male, female, or another gender, forming around age three in Kohlberg's stages. Gender Schema Theory - A theory that explains how individuals internalize societal gender roles through exposure to culture, media, parents, and teachers.

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