Human Growth and Development

Common issues include: ●​ Genetic Disorders

＞ ​ Examples: Down Syndrome, Tay-Sachs Disease. ＞ ​ Cause: Abnormalities in chromosomes or genes. ＞ ​ Impact: Developmental delays and health problems.

●​ Exposure to Teratogens

＞ ​ Teratogens are substances that can harm a developing fetus. ＞ ​ Examples: ‐​ Environmental toxins like lead or mercury. ‐​ Drugs like alcohol, tobacco, and some prescription medications (even common ones like aspirin). ＞ ​ Impact: Conditions like Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) , which can affect cognitive and physical development. ＞ ​ Detection: Some birth defects from teratogens can be seen on an ultrasound. ●​ Maternal Health Problems ＞ ​ Examples: Diabetes, high blood pressure, infections (like the Zika virus). ＞ ​ Impact: Can lead to pre-eclampsia, premature birth, or developmental issues. ●​ Maternal Stress and Mental Health ＞ ​ High stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can affect the baby’s brain development and increase the risk of premature birth. ●​ Nutritional Deficiencies ＞ ​ Lack of key nutrients, like folic acid, can cause neural tube defects and hinder fetal growth. ●​ Multiple Pregnancies ＞ ​ Twins or more increase risks of preterm birth, low birth weight, and complications like preeclampsia. ●​ Placental Issues ＞ ​ Problems with the placenta, such as placental abruption or placenta previa , can lead to bleeding, preterm birth, or reduced oxygen to the baby. ●​ Infections ＞ ​ Viruses like HIV, rubella, CMV, and Zika can be passed from mother to baby, especially dangerous in the first trimester.

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