Human Growth and Development

Perinatal Environment The perinatal environment includes the time just before, during, and right after birth . Conditions during this period can impact both mother and baby. Stages of Labor

Labor happens in stages, and each stage is crucial for a safe delivery. The length and intensity of labor vary from person to person.

Braxton Hicks contractions , also known as "false labor pains, "are irregular, practice contractions that prepare the uterus for labor. They are typically not felt until the second or third trimester and do not indicate that labor has begun. During pre-labor , these contractions increase, and the cervix begins to thin and move forward in preparation for delivery. In cases of an ideal unassisted natural birth, there are three main stages:

Stage 1 - Cervical Dilation

Stage 2 - Expulsion

Stage 3 - Placenta Delivery

Early Labor: The cervix begins to dilate (open) and efface (thin out). Contractions are mild and irregular. It can last for several hours to days, especially for first-time mothers. Active Labor: Contractions become stronger, longer, and more frequent. The cervix dilates more rapidly, from about 4 cm to 10 cm. It typically lasts 4-8 hours. Transition: baby moves into the birth canal.

The cervix is now fully dilated and the baby has pushed down the uterus and out through the vagina (birth canal) and is born.

The placenta (afterbirth) is delivered in one of 2 ways: Physiological: spontaneous with effort (up to 1 hour after birth). Active management: injecting contracting drugs to speed up placenta separation.

Issues during or before Childbirth ●​ Fetal asphyxia: Is when the baby does not receive enough oxygen before, during, or directly after birth. Immediate treatment is necessary to ensure that the baby gets enough oxygen. It can cause serious complications or be life-threatening. ●​ Premature birth: A baby is considered premature when born before 37 weeks. Many premature babies have a low birth weight (less than 2.5kg or 5.5 lbs) and underdeveloped lungs.

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