Human Growth and Development

Types of Childbirth The process of birth, including delivery methods and medical interventions, can impact both the physical and emotional well-being of the newborn. Delivery options, such as natural birth or Cesarean sections, and procedures like amniotomy, episiotomy, and anesthesia, vary based on the pregnancy.

Type of Delivery

Method

Secondary Procedures

Natural Birth Vaginal childbirth without routine medical interventions,

Induction: Medication is used to stimulate uterine contractions before labor starts naturally, often recommended when the mother or baby’s health is at risk. Forceps Delivery: A doctor uses spoon-like instruments to gently guide the baby’s head out while the mother pushes. Vacuum Extraction: A suction cup is placed on the baby’s head to help pull the baby through the birth canal during contractions. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: Many women who have had a C-section can give birth vaginally in later pregnancies if they meet certain medical criteria. Waterbirth: Labor and/or delivery takes place in a warm water pool. The water supports movement, reduces pain, and gives the mother more control over labor. Elective: This delivery is chosen by the mother and planned/scheduled before the due date. Every country and hospital has different preoperative requirements and procedures to follow. Unplanned/Emergent: This delivery is performed due to unforeseen complications. E.g., fetal distress, the mother is at risk, prolonged labor, etc.

Episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus) to enlarge the vaginal opening, helping the baby’s head pass through and preventing tearing. Amniotomy is the artificial rupture of the amniotic sac, releasing the fluid surrounding the baby, and can be done before or during labor. Doulas provide nonmedical support, like breathing techniques and massage, while midwives are trained medical professionals skilled in safely delivering babies. Lamaze Method uses breathing and relaxation techniques to manage pain and help parents prepare for childbirth. Epidural is used to numb the lower body, providing pain relief while allowing the mother to stay awake. Commonly used for vaginal births but can also be used during a C-section. The anesthesiologist will discuss the type of anesthesia: Epidural vs. Spinal tap/block The main difference is the placement and effect of the medication. General anesthesia This affects the whole body with loss of consciousness & the loss of protective reflexes. It is used when a C-section is urgent, and there isn’t time for alternative anesthesia.

particularly anesthesia.

Cesarean Section a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus.

© 2025 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT