Human Growth and Development

Theories of Attraction and Relationships ●​ Propinquity Theory: People form relationships with those nearby or those they frequently encounter. ●​ Homogamy Theory: Individuals tend to marry or form relationships with people of similar backgrounds, such as education, socioeconomic status, or religion. ●​ Complementary Needs Theory: People seek partners who balance their own strengths and weaknesses. ●​ Exchange Theory: Relationships are viewed as a cost-benefit exchange, where people seek partners who maximize rewards and minimize costs. Key Factors Impacting Relationships Across Life Stages Relationships evolve throughout life, influenced by social, emotional, and environmental factors. Adolescent Relationships During adolescence, friendships shift from single-sex groups to mixed-sex peer groups. Crowds (Inclusive): Large groups based on shared interests (e.g., athletes, musicians, debate club members). Cliques: Close-knit groups with strong personal bonds. Membership in cliques often determines inclusion in larger social groups. Dyadic Relationships: One-on-one friendships that are the most intimate and exclusive.

Intimacy in Early Adulthood

Friendships play a key role in building intimacy during early adulthood, with shared activities in settings like college or sports creating connection opportunities. While gender differences in friendships are complex, research suggests men often prioritize shared activities, while women may value emotional intimacy. Cross-gender friendships can also promote mutual understanding. Throughout life, friendships provide ongoing support, including during marriage.

Cohabitation without marriage has become increasingly common. Research on the impact of cohabitation on marital success is mixed. Some studies suggest it may not strengthen marriages, while others indicate no negative effects. Cohabitation can reflect a more liberal attitude towards relationships and may not necessarily imply a lower commitment level. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love categorize love as either: ●​ Passion: Sexual attraction and “being in love.” ●​ Intimacy: Attachment, closeness, and connectedness. ●​ Commitment : Shared achievements and plans.

© 2025 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT