Human Growth and Development

Marriage rates in the United States have changed over time, with a trend towards later marriage but continued acceptance of the institution. The median age of marriage reflects this shift, with later ages compared to the past. The U.S. has the highest divorce rate among industrialized countries, with at least 50% of marriages ending in divorce. No-fault divorce laws have increased over the past 50 years. Communication is key to personal growth, and John Gottman's research highlights a "magic ratio" of five positive interactions for every negative one in healthy marriages. He identified hostile/engaging and hostile/detached communication styles in distressed marriages, marked by negativity and lack of humor or affection, leading to emotional withdrawal. Family domestic abuse is increasingly common, with 12% of spouses in the U.S. engaging in physical aggression. Both men and women can initiate violence. An example is patriarchal terrorism, where one partner uses control and abuse, leading to psychological effects like battered person syndrome , where victims are often blamed for the abuse. Parenthood, a significant developmental step in adulthood. Erikson described this period as a time for " generativity ," where individuals contribute to future generations through raising children. ●​ Adoptive parents can experience the same challenges and rewards as biological parents. ●​ Blended families, formed through remarriage, are becoming increasingly common. ●​ Choosing not to have children is a valid and growing trend.

Intimacy in Middle Adulthood

Empty Nest Syndrome: Emotional adjustment when children leave home.

Relationship Changes: Evolving relationships and potential changes in marriage/partnerships.

Aging Parents: Caring for aging parents creates a “sandwich generation” dynamic.

Midlife Crisis: Involves self-reflection and reevaluation; can lead to personal growth instead of crisis.

Social Cognition: Enhanced communication and empathy strengthen relationships

Grandparenting often begins in middle adulthood.

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