N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice

N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice Study Guide

Expected outcome: Trust vs. mistr st In infancy, the major emphasis is on the primary caregiver’s positive and loving care for the child, with a major emphasis on visual contact and touch. The individual who successfully completes this period of life will learn to trust that life is basically good and predictable, and will have basic confidence in the future. If the child fails to experience trust and is constantly frustrated because his needs are not met, he may end up with a deep-seated feeling of worthlessness and a mistrust of the world in general. The most significant relationship is with the primary caregiver as the most significant and constant caregiver. Health teaching should be conducted in collaboration with the parent or caregiver. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Sensorimotor phase: During this stage, the child learns about himself and his environment through motor and reflex actions. Thought derives from sensation and movement. The child learns that she is separate from her environment and that aspects of her environment continue to exist even though they may be outside the reach of her senses. Teaching for a child in this stage should be geared to the sensorimotor system. Behavior can be modified by using the senses (for example, a frown, a stern voice, or soothing voice). Fowler’s Spiritual Development Undifferentiated faith: In this stage, the infant develops basic trust and mutuality with the ones providing care. The quality of interactions in this phase underlies all future faith development for the individual. 1.3 Toddler: 1 to 3 Years Physical Development Toddlers still have heads disproportionately large for their bodies. They typically have short legs and chubby extremities. The toddler’s abdomen is typically rounded, and they have pronounced lumbar lordosis. Gross and fine motor skills continue to develop. Most toddlers will be climbing stairs with assistance by 18 months, putting them at increased risk for falls and injury. By the age of two, most children have quadrupled their birth weight and their brain is 70% of the final adult size. Most toddlers are highly mobile, able to run, and can ride a tricycle. By the age of three, hearing is fully developed and most children are toilet trained, although accidents are not uncommon. Common Health Problems Identified in this Stage During the toddler stage, the child is still totally dependent on the caregiver for health and safety needs. Some of the common problems in this stage include: • Accidents: Because the toddler is becoming more mobile, accidents are the most common problem in this stage. Car seats can help prevent injury from automobile accidents, but drowning, burns, and poisoning are also threats. • Lead poisoning: Children who live in older houses with lead-based paint on the walls are at risk. Toys produced outside of the United States may be painted with lead-based paint.

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