Philosophy

Philosophy Study Guide

©2018 of 126 8.3 Ethical Relativism..................................................................................................................................................... 85 8.4 Cultural Relativism: Each Culture Determines what is Morally Right................................................... 85 8.5 Ethical Absolutism: Some Moral Values are Universal ............................................................................... 86 8.6 Egoism as a Universal Principle .......................................................................................................................... 87 8.7 Arguments for Egoism ............................................................................................................................................ 87 8.8 Arguments against Egoism.................................................................................................................................... 88 8.9 Religion and Universal Values ............................................................................................................................. 89 8.10 Divine Command Theory..................................................................................................................................... 89 8.11 Natural Law Theory............................................................................................................................................... 90 8.12 Chapter Eight Practice Exam............................................................................................................................. 91 Chapter 9: What are Right Actions? Constructing an Ethical Theory..................................................93 9.1 Character: Virtue Ethics ......................................................................................................................................... 93 9.2 Maxims: Duty to Moral Laws................................................................................................................................. 94 9.3 Consequences: Utilitarianism .............................................................................................................................. 96 9.4 Bentham: The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number ................................................................... 97 9.5 Mill: Higher Pleasures have Greater Worth.................................................................................................... 98 9.6 Singer: Consider the Interests of Animals ....................................................................................................... 98 9.7 Authenticity: Existentialist Ethics ...................................................................................................................... 99 9.8 Soren Kierkegaard ................................................................................................................................................... 99 9.9 Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil..................................................................................................................... 100 9.10 Sartre: Authenticity and Ethical Responsibility....................................................................................... 101 9.11 De Beauvoir: Our Interplay with Others Defines Us............................................................................... 102 9.12 Camus: Courage is the Highest Value........................................................................................................... 103 9.13 Empathy: The Ethics of Care............................................................................................................................ 103 9.14 Making Connections: Your Moral Compass Revisited............................................................................ 104 9.15 Chapter Nine Practice Exam............................................................................................................................ 105 Chapter 10: What is Social Justice? ............................................................................................................. 107 10.1 Elements of a Just Society................................................................................................................................. 107 10.2 Classical Theories of Society: Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle............................................................. 107 10.3 Plato: Society Should be Based on Function and Harmony ................................................................. 108 10.4 Aristotle: Society is the Natural State of Humanity................................................................................. 110 Achieve Page 6