Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide • Genetic recombination, the gene reshuffling (crossing over and translocation) that occurs during meiosis, increases the genetic variation of male and female gametes. Spontaneous mutations are the result of random errors in DNA replication. Such mutations can cause the production of abnormal alleles. • The Human Genome Project has mapped close to 25,000 human genes, including some of those responsible for inherited disorders. • The two types of sex chromosomes are an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. The normal sex chromosome complement of males is XY; that of females is XX. The X chromosome carries X- linked (sex-linked) genes, which affect somatic structures but have no corresponding alleles on the Y chromosome.

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