Human Growth and Development

(-0.25) and does not demonstrate consistent scores over time. Option E states that none of the options are correct, but option A is indeed an example of test-retest reliability. 9.​ A: Damage to the temporal lobe can affect memory, speech , and language comprehension, depending on the specific area and which side (right or left) of the lobe is impacted. The effects of brain damage vary significantly depending on the location and extent of the injury. 10.​ D: Folic acid is an important nutrient present in various foods and supplements. It is strongly advised for women who are pregnant or planning to conceive to take folic acid, as it helps prevent birth defects and maintains DNA integrity in both the mother and baby. 11.​ A: The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, which process information and send signals to the body. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of motor and sensory neurons that operate outside the CNS, such as nerves controlling movement in the arms and legs . The CNS and PNS work together to coordinate bodily functions. 12.​ D: Prolonged exposure to toxins or severe malnutrition during prenatal periods or early childhood can negatively affect neurological development and may have long-term effects on intelligence. 13.​ A: In adults, testosterone can influence sex drive, aggression , and competitive behaviors, traits commonly associated with traditional masculine gender norms in many cultures. Note that hormones like testosterone affect individuals differently, and behavior is also shaped by social and environmental factors. 14.​ D: To pass on a hereditary advantage in a particular skill, such as musical intelligence, one would need to select a partner with a high level of ability in that area . However, intelligence is influenced by both genetics and environment, and no single factor guarantees the transmission of specific traits. 15.​ A: Between birth and age six, children learn various skills unconsciously, often without realizing they are learning . This period may be a sensitive phase for learning certain abilities. While certain periods are critical for learning specific skills, development continues throughout life. 16.​ D: Habituation is a form of learning observable in newborns in which they lose interest in a repeated stimulus. Newborns tend to look longer at new stimuli after becoming familiar with an earlier one. Habituation is just one way in which newborns begin to process and learn about their surroundings. 17.​ C: At birth, vision is the least developed sense. This is largely due to underdeveloped muscles in the lenses of the eyes. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the newborns’ pupils appear small, which limits the amount of light that may reach their eyes. A newborn baby's peripheral, or side, vision allows them to notice objects nearby, but their central vision is still developing.

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