Human Growth and Development

18.​ D: Complex pretend play, where a child performs a series of related actions on objects, usually begins to emerge early in the second year of life . However, the development of play varies among children, and different cultural contexts can shape how pretend play manifests. 19.​ B: Implicit memory, also known as procedural memory, involves skills we perform without conscious thought (like riding a bike), while explicit memory requires conscious recall of facts and experiences. 20.​ C: According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage develop the ability to understand the concept of conservation. This means they realize that the amount of something, such as a pie, remains the same even if its shape or form changes, like cutting one big piece into two smaller pieces. Note that cognitive development theories offer different timelines for when children develop these abilities. 21.​ A: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during the preoperational stage, children often believe that a taller glass must contain more water than a shorter one , as they focus on form over substance. 22.​ B: Fluid intelligence, which involves processing new information, tends to decline with age, while crystallized intelligence, which is gained through experience and knowledge, generally increases over time. 23.​ C: When assessing the Zone of Proximal Development, the first step is for the teacher to demonstrate how to solve a problem and observe whether the child can replicate the demonstration. 24.​ B: Research in language development shows that newborns can produce all the phonemes of any language, but this ability diminishes with age as they focus on the sounds used in their native language. 25.​ B: Pragmatics refers to the way communication is structured based on the speaker's intent and the context in which it occurs. 26.​ A: The holophrastic stage typically occurs between 9 and 18 months of age. During this stage, babies can produce words or phrases with meaning, even though they may not yet form complete sentences. 27.​ C: According to linguistic anthropologists, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that language is relative to culture, and as a result, some meanings are lost in translation between languages. Additionally, it implies that the language one speaks can influence how one perceives and acts within the world. 28.​ A: Twin studies offer insights into the factors that may affect intelligence. Research indicates that identical twins raised apart often show less similarity in IQ compared to those raised together, which suggests an environmental influence . However, genetic factors also play a

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