Human Growth and Development

significant role in shaping intelligence, highlighting the complex interaction between nature and nurture. 29.​ E: Several early childhood environmental factors have been shown to correlate with later IQ. However, the intensity of separation anxiety is not considered one of these influential factors. 30.​ C: Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that there are various forms of intelligence, such as spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and interpersonal, which are not fully captured by traditional IQ tests that tend to focus on linguistic and mathematical abilities. 31.​ B: Albert Bandura's social learning theory highlights that children learn behaviors, such as aggression, by observing and imitating the actions of those around them, including parents and media figures. 32.​ A: Sigmund Freud’s concept of sublimation refers to the process of channeling aggressive impulses into socially acceptable activities, unlike other defense mechanisms like denial or rationalization. 33.​ C: In Option C, vicarious reinforcement is demonstrated when Lily is motivated by the reward Mia received, leading Lily to imitate Mia’s behavior at a later time ( deferred imitation ). 34.​ B: Children often imitate what they see and hear without judgment. However, if they observe negative consequences for the person they are imitating, they may refrain from copying the behavior. 35.​ A: Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development emphasizes the balance between caring for oneself and caring for others as individuals progress through the stages of moral development. Gilligan argued that moral reasoning involves both a focus on individual needs and the needs of others, especially in the context of relationships and care. 36.​ C: Research suggests that comprehensive wellness programs, which incorporate physical activity, nutrition, stress management, and social interaction, tend to improve overall well-being in participants. 37.​ C: Authoritative parenting, characterized by both guidelines and responsiveness, is generally associated with positive developmental outcomes in children, as it combines structure with emotional support. 38.​ A: Reducing conflict between parents after divorce can support a child's adjustment, and ongoing involvement from the non-custodial parent may be associated with more positive outcomes for children. Note that individual outcomes and experiences can differ depending on unique situations and contexts. 39.​ C: In collectivist cultures , individuals often prioritize the needs of their family or group over their personal desires. These observations are based on general trends found in studies. Individual outcomes and experiences may vary depending on specific circumstances and contexts.

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