Human Growth and Development

Marasmus - A severe form of malnutrition due to insufficient calorie intake, often resulting in significant weight loss and developmental delays. Memory Strategies - Techniques used to enhance memory, including rehearsal, elaboration, association, and retrieval cues. Mentoring/Mentee Relationships - A dynamic where an experienced person guides a learner, often in a professional or educational setting. Mesosystem - The interconnections between the microsystems, such as interactions between family and school. Modal Model - Describes how internal and external events can change a person’s emotional response. Mnemonic Strategies - Memory aids or techniques, such as acronyms or visual imagery, that help improve memory encoding and recall. Mood - An emotional state that lasts longer than emotions, like being in a good mood leading to happiness. Morphemes - The smallest units of meaning in a language, which can be standalone words or parts of words (e.g., "un-" in "unhappy"). Myelination - The process by which fatty sheaths develop around nerve fibers, enhancing the speed of neural signal transmission. Nature vs. Nurture Debate - A longstanding discussion on whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) plays a more significant role in determining individual traits and behaviors. Negative Punishment - The removal of a desirable stimulus to reduce the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement - Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Neurocognitive Disorders - Disorders characterized by a decline in mental functioning due to underlying medical conditions. Neuroscience - The scientific study of the nervous system, particularly the brain, and its role in behavior, thought processes, and development. Neuroticism - A personality trait associated with negative emotions like anxiety and anger. Obsessions - Recurrent, intrusive thoughts that cause anxiety and distress, common in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - A disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions aimed at reducing anxiety. Operant Conditioning - A learning principle focusing on the relationship between behaviors and their consequences. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) - A disorder with patterns of defiant, hostile behaviors toward authority figures. Overregularization - A common language development error in young children, where regular grammatical rules are applied to irregular words (e.g., "runned" instead of "ran"). Parallel Play - A type of play where children play near each other with similar toys but do not interact directly. Parasympathetic Nervous System - A division of the ANS responsible for conserving energy and regulating "rest and digest" activities, slowing the heart rate and increasing digestion.

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