Introduction to Philosophy

Achieve Test Prep: Philosophy

Table of Contents Chapter One: The Nature of Philosophy ............................................................................................................................. 8 What is Philosophy?............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Why Study Philosophy?....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Having a Philosophy............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Doing Philosophy (Thinking Philosophically)................................................................................................................. 9 Critical Thinking................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Stages in Critical Thinking ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Logical Reasoning .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Argument Forms ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Evaluating Arguments ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 Informal Fallacies ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Branches of Philosophy .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Bertrand Russell.................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter One Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter One Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter Two: What is the Philosopher’s Way?.................................................................................................................. 17 Birth of Philosophy............................................................................................................................................................ 17 The Socratic Method ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Socrates’ Central Concern: The Soul .............................................................................................................................. 19 The Trial and Death of Socrates...................................................................................................................................... 21 Socrates’ Legacy.................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter Two Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Three: Who Are You? Consciousness, Identity, and the Self .......................................................................... 25 Know Thyself ..................................................................................................................................................................... 25 The Soul is Immortal: Socrates and Plato ...................................................................................................................... 25 Descartes’ Modern Perspective on the Self ................................................................................................................... 26 Locke: The Self is Consciousness.................................................................................................................................... 27 Hume: There is No Self .................................................................................................................................................... 27 Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self ......................................................................................................................... 28 Freud: The Self is Multi-layered ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Ryle: The Self is How You Behave ................................................................................................................................. 30 Physicalism: The Self is the Brain.................................................................................................................................... 30 Functionalism...................................................................................................................................................................... 31

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