Introduction to Philosophy

Achieve Test Prep: Philosophy

Paul Churchland: Eliminative Materialism..................................................................................................................... 31 Husserl and Merleau-Ponty: The Self is Embodied Subjectivity................................................................................ 32 Buddhist Concepts of Self ................................................................................................................................................ 32 Making Connections: In Search of the Self.................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter Three Review Questions.................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter Four: Are You Free? Freedom and Determinism.............................................................................................. 35 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35 Views of Free Will.............................................................................................................................................................. 36 Determinism........................................................................................................................................................................ 37 The System of Nature........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Compatibilism..................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Indeterminism and Libertarianism .................................................................................................................................. 39 William James: The Will to Believe ................................................................................................................................. 40 Sartre: We Create Ourselves through Our Choices...................................................................................................... 40 A Feminist Analysis of Freedom ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Making Connections: Creating a Synthesis .................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter Four Review Questions...................................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter Five: How Can We Know the Nature of Reality?.............................................................................................. 46 What is the Nature of Philosophy? ................................................................................................................................. 46 Pre-Socratic Philosophers ................................................................................................................................................. 47 Plato: Reality is the Eternal Realm of the Forms .......................................................................................................... 49 Aristotle: Reality is the Natural World............................................................................................................................ 51 Descartes: Can Reality be known?................................................................................................................................... 53 Making Connections: Your Beliefs about the World ................................................................................................... 53 Chapter Five Review Questions....................................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter Six: What is Real? What is True?........................................................................................................................... 56 Questioning Independent Reality .................................................................................................................................... 56 Locke: All Knowledge comes from Experience ........................................................................................................... 56 Leibniz’s Case against Locke ............................................................................................................................................ 57 Locke’s Causal Theory of Perception ............................................................................................................................. 57 Berkeley: Reality Depends on Perception ...................................................................................................................... 58 Hume: Understanding Reality Demands Skepticism.................................................................................................... 58 Kant: We Constitute Our World ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Two Realities: Phenomenal and Noumenal................................................................................................................... 62

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