Introduction to Philosophy

Achieve Test Prep: Philosophy

Chapter Nine: What are Right Actions? Constructing an Ethical Theory..................................................................... 92 Character: Virtue Ethics .................................................................................................................................................... 92 Maxims: Duty to Moral Laws........................................................................................................................................... 94 Consequences: Utilitarianism ........................................................................................................................................... 96 Bentham: The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number.................................................................................... 96 Mill: Higher Pleasures have Greater Worth................................................................................................................... 97 Singer: Consider the Interests of Animals...................................................................................................................... 98 Authenticity: Existentialist Ethics.................................................................................................................................... 98 Soren Kierkegaard.............................................................................................................................................................. 98 Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil................................................................................................................................100 Sartre: Authenticity and Ethical Responsibility ...........................................................................................................101 De Beauvoir: Our Interplay with Others Defines Us ................................................................................................102 Camus: Courage is the Highest Value...........................................................................................................................102 Empathy: The Ethics of Care.........................................................................................................................................103 Making Connections: Your Moral Compass Revisited ..............................................................................................104 Chapter Nine Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................105 Chapter Ten: What is Social Justice? .................................................................................................................................106 Elements of a Just Society ..............................................................................................................................................106 Classical Theories of Society: Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle..................................................................................107 Plato: Society Should be Based on Function and Harmony .....................................................................................108 Aristotle: Society is the Natural State of Humanity....................................................................................................109 Justice Depends on a Social Contract ...........................................................................................................................110 Hobbes: We Need a Social Contract to Coexist .........................................................................................................110 Locke: The Social Contract Protects Natural Rights..................................................................................................111 The State of Nature: Assumptions and Questions .....................................................................................................113 Rawls: The State of Nature is a Conceptual Tool.......................................................................................................113 Marx and Engels: Justice is Based on Need and Ability ............................................................................................115 Mill: Justice is what Promotes the General Welfare ...................................................................................................116 Okin: Justice is what Promotes Gender Equality .......................................................................................................118 Making Connections: An Ideal Society.........................................................................................................................119 Chapter Ten Review Questions .....................................................................................................................................120 Reflection Essay Questions.................................................................................................................................................122 Chapter One Essay Question.........................................................................................................................................122 Chapter Two Essay Question ........................................................................................................................................122

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