US History

U.S. History Study Guide 2nd Edition 12/10/2018

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U.S. History Study Guide

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U.S. History Study Guide

Table of Contents Chapter 1: The First Americans .....................................................................................................................14 1.1 Early America up till 1492..................................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Native Cultures .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Tribes of the Northwest.......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Great Basin Culture Area ....................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5 Plateau Culture Area ............................................................................................................................................... 15 1.6 Tribes of the Southwest.......................................................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Tribes of the Great Plains ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.8 Tribes of the Southeast........................................................................................................................................... 15 1.9 Tribes of the Northeast........................................................................................................................................... 16 1.11 Chapter One Practice Exam ................................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2: Age of Exploration 1492-1600s................................................................................................19 2.1 Age of Exploration 1492-1600s ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 The Age of Exploration ........................................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Columbus ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 The Columbian Exchange....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5 The Treaty Tordesillas ........................................................................................................................................... 20 2.6 The Spanish Conquistadors .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.7 Conquistadors take the NewWorld ................................................................................................................... 21 2.8 French Explorers ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.9 Dutch (Netherlands) Explorers ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.10 English Explorers ................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.11 European Effects on Native Population.......................................................................................................... 23 2.12 Slavery in the NewWorld.................................................................................................................................... 24 2.13 Chapter Two Practice Exam .............................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 3: Early Settlements and Colonies mid 1500s- Mid 1600s...................................................27 3.1 Settlements and Colonies mid 1500s- Mid 1600s ........................................................................................ 27 3.2 New Spain .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.3 New France.................................................................................................................................................................. 28 3.4 The English Colonies ............................................................................................................................................... 28 3.5 Colonization................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Roanoke (The Lost Colony)........................................................................................................................................................ 29 The Two Virginia Companies .................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.6 Jamestown................................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.7 The Massachusetts Bay Colony ............................................................................................................................ 31 3.8 Under the Leadership of John Winthrop.......................................................................................................... 32 3.9 Dissension in the Colony........................................................................................................................................ 32 Connecticut ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Rhode Island..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 New Hampshire............................................................................................................................................................................... 33

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U.S. History Study Guide

©2018 of 194 Maryland ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 North Carolina and South Carolina ......................................................................................................................................... 34 New York............................................................................................................................................................................................ 34 New Jersey......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Pennsylvania .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Delaware ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 Georgia................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 3.10 The NewWorld Powers ....................................................................................................................................... 36 3.11 Chapter Three Practice Exam............................................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 4: Colonial Life mid 1600s-1763...................................................................................................40 4.1 Colonial Life ................................................................................................................................................................ 40 4.2 Early Colonial Economy.......................................................................................................................................... 40 4.3 The Navigation Acts ................................................................................................................................................. 40 4.4 The Triangular Trade.............................................................................................................................................. 41 Early Colonial Events .................................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.5 Bacon's Rebellion ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.6 King Phillip's War (King Mediacom’s War) and the New England Confederation ............................ 42 4.7 The Half-Way Covenant.......................................................................................................................................... 43 4.8 Immigrants ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 4.9 The Enlightenment................................................................................................................................................... 44 4.10 Ideas on a Social Contract ................................................................................................................................... 45 4.11 The First Great Awakening................................................................................................................................. 46 4.12 Colonial Culture...................................................................................................................................................... 47 The New England Colonies......................................................................................................................................................... 47 The Middle Colonies...................................................................................................................................................................... 48 The Southern Colonies ................................................................................................................................................................. 48 4.13 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (The Middle Passage)..................................................................................... 49 4.14 Slavery in North America .................................................................................................................................... 50 4.15 Conflicts Leading to the French and Indian War ........................................................................................ 50 The Queen and Kings Wars ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 King William's War ........................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Queen Anne's War.......................................................................................................................................................................... 51 King George's War.......................................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.16 The Albany Plan...................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.17 The French and Indian War................................................................................................................................ 51 4.18 Pontiac's Rebellion................................................................................................................................................ 52 4.19 The Colonial Landscape ....................................................................................................................................... 52 4.20 Chapter Four Practice Exam............................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 5: Road to Independence 1763-1776..........................................................................................57 5.1 Road to Independence ............................................................................................................................................ 57 5.2 The Beginnings of Unpleasantness .................................................................................................................... 57 5.3 The Writs of Assistance .......................................................................................................................................... 57 5.4 The Proclamation Line ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Achieve Page 4

U.S. History Study Guide

©2018 of 194 5.5 The Sugar Act ........................................ .. ................................................................................................................. 58 5.6 The Stamp Act ............................................................................................................................................................ 58 5.7 Stamp Act Repealed and Declaratory Act Enacted ....................................................................................... 59 5.8 The Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty ........................................................................................ 59 5.9 The Townshend Duties........................................................................................................................................... 60 5.10 Boston Massacre..................................................................................................................................................... 60 5.11 Committees of Correspondence........................................................................................................................ 61 5.12 The Tea Act............................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.13 The Boston Tea Party ........................................................................................................................................... 62 5.14 The Hutchinson Letters Affair ........................................................................................................................... 62 5.15 The Intolerable Acts.............................................................................................................................................. 63 5.16 The Four Coercive Acts: ....................................................................................................................................... 63 5.17 The First Continental Congress......................................................................................................................... 63 5.18 The First Battles ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 Lexington and Concord ................................................................................................................................................................ 64 Bunker Hill ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 64 5.19 The Second Continental Congress.................................................................................................................... 64 5.20 The Olive Branch Petition................................................................................................................................... 65 5.21 Washington Elected as Commanding General ............................................................................................. 65 5.22 The Declaration of Independence.................................................................................................................... 65 5.23 Common Sense ........................................................................................................................................................ 66 5.24 Chapter Five Practice Exam................................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter 6: The Revolution 1776-1783 ........................................................................................................71 6.1 Revolution 1776-1783............................................................................................................................................ 71 6.2 The Continental Army............................................................................................................................................. 71 6.3 Division among the Colonists............................................................................................................................... 71 6.4 Benjamin Franklin in France................................................................................................................................ 71 6.5 War in the North ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 6.6 The Campaign in New York ................................................................................................................................... 72 Battles of Trenton and Princeton............................................................................................................................................. 73 6.7 Battle of Saratoga...................................................................................................................................................... 73 6.8 France and American Alliance ............................................................................................................................. 74 6.9 Valley Forge ................................................................................................................................................................ 74 Battle of Monmouth....................................................................................................................................................................... 75 6.10 War in the South..................................................................................................................................................... 75 Losing in Charleston...................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Guilford Courthouse...................................................................................................................................................................... 75 6.11 Yorktown .................................................................................................................................................................. 76 6.12 The Treaty of Parris 1783................................................................................................................................... 76 6.13 Chapter Six Practice Exam .................................................................................................................................. 77 Chapter 7: Creating a Government................................................................................................................79 7.1 Creating a Government........................................................................................................................................... 79 7.2 State Constitutions ................................................................................................................................................... 79 Achieve Page 5

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©2018 of 194 7.3 The Articles of Confederation (1776-1787).................................................................................................... 79 Significance of Articles of Confederation.............................................................................................................................. 80 7.4 The Events which lead to the Constitution...................................................................................................... 80 Newburgh Conspiracy .................................................................................................................................................................. 80 The Trans-Appalachian West .................................................................................................................................................... 80 The Northwest Ordinance .......................................................................................................................................................... 81 The Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations................................................................................................................................................. 82 Shays' Rebellion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 82 7.5 Toward a New Constitution (1787-1789)........................................................................................................ 82 7.6 The Annapolis Convention .................................................................................................................................... 82 7.7 The Constitutional Convention............................................................................................................................ 83 7.8 The Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan............................................................................................................. 83 7.9 The Great Compromise........................................................................................................................................... 84 7.10 The Three-Fifths Compromise .......................................................................................................................... 84 7.11 Electing a President............................................................................................................................................... 84 7.12 Electoral College..................................................................................................................................................... 84 7.13 The Struggle for Ratification.............................................................................................................................. 85 Federalists and Anti-Federalists .............................................................................................................................................. 85 The Federalist Papers................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Bill of Rights...................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Ratification........................................................................................................................................................................................ 85 7.14 Outline of the Unites States Constitution ...................................................................................................... 85 7.15 Amendments to the Constitution ..................................................................................................................... 87 7.16 Separation and Limitation Of Powers............................................................................................................. 88 7.17 Required Percentages of voting........................................................................................................................ 90 7.18 Chapter Seven Practice Exam ............................................................................................................................ 91 Chapter 8: Creating a Nation (1789-1817).................................................................................................93 8.1 Creating a Nation ...................................................................................................................................................... 93 8.2 The Federalist Era .................................................................................................................................................... 93 8.3 The New Executive ................................................................................................................................................... 93 Congress Erects the Structure of the Government .......................................................................................................... 94 8.4 The Establishment of the Federal Court System ........................................................................................... 94 8.5 The Establishment of the Executive Departments ....................................................................................... 94 8.6 Washington’s Administration, 1789-1797 ...................................................................................................... 94 Hamilton’s Financial Program .................................................................................................................................................. 94 Opposition to Hamilton’s Program ......................................................................................................................................... 94 The Appearance of Political Parties........................................................................................................................................ 95 8.7 Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists ......................................................................................................... 95 8.8 Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans (Democratic-Republicans) ...................................................... 95 Sources of Partisan Support....................................................................................................................................................... 95 8.9 Foreign and Frontier Affairs................................................................................................................................. 95 The French Revolution................................................................................................................................................................. 95 Jay’s Treaty with Britain.............................................................................................................................................................. 96 Achieve Page 6

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©2018 of 194 The Pinckney Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid) .................................................................. 96 8.10 Frontier Problems ................................................................................................................................................. 96 8.11 Treaty of Greenville .............................................................................................................................................. 96 8.12 The Whiskey Rebellion ........................................................................................................................................ 97 Land Policy........................................................................................................................................................................................ 97 8.13 Washington's Farewell Address (1796) ........................................................................................................ 97 8.14 John Adams Administration, 1797-1801....................................................................................................... 98 The Election of 1796 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 98 The XYZ Affair .................................................................................................................................................................................. 98 Quasi-War, 1798-1799................................................................................................................................................................. 98 8.15 Repression and Protest........................................................................................................................................ 98 The Alien and Sedition Acts ....................................................................................................................................................... 98 The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions................................................................................................................................ 99 8.16 The Election of 1800 (The Revolution of 1800).......................................................................................... 99 Midnight Appointments............................................................................................................................................................... 99 Packing the Judiciary .................................................................................................................................................................... 99 8.17 The Jeffersonian Era, 1801-1817 ..................................................................................................................... 99 The New Federal City..................................................................................................................................................................100 Jefferson Administration 1801-1809...................................................................................................................................100 8.18 Conflict with the Constitution......................................................................................................................... 100 Marbury v. Madison.....................................................................................................................................................................100 8.19 The Louisiana Purchase.................................................................................................................................... 101 The Constitution Dilemma........................................................................................................................................................101 Exploring the West ......................................................................................................................................................................101 The Essex Junto .............................................................................................................................................................................101 Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr's Duel......................................................................................................................101 8.20 The Burr Conspiracy .......................................................................................................................................... 102 8.21 The Yazoo Land Scandal ................................................................................................................................... 102 8.22 International Involvement .............................................................................................................................. 102 The Barbary War 1801...............................................................................................................................................................102 The Napoleonic Wars..................................................................................................................................................................103 The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) .............................................................................................................................103 The Embargo of 1807 .................................................................................................................................................................103 8.23 Madison's Administration 1809-1817 ........................................................................................................ 103 The Election of 1808 ...................................................................................................................................................................103 8.24 Events Leading to the War of 1812............................................................................................................... 103 The Non-Intercourse Act and Macon’s Bill No. 2.............................................................................................................103 8.25 Native American Resistance and Tippecanoe Creek (Tecumseh's War) ........................................ 104 8.26 War Hawks ............................................................................................................................................................ 104 8.27 The War of 1812 .................................................................................................................................................. 104 The War in the Southwest ........................................................................................................................................................105 British Strategy Changes ...........................................................................................................................................................105 8.28 The Battle of New Orleans ............................................................................................................................... 105 8.29 The Treaty of Ghent, Christmas Eve 1814.................................................................................................. 105 Achieve Page 7

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©2018 of 194 8.30 The Hartford Convention (1814) .. .............................................................................................................. 105 8.31 Post War Development ..................................................................................................................................... 106 The "American System", Economic Nationalism, and Henry Clay (1816) ............................................................106 The Barbary Wars (1815).........................................................................................................................................................106 Rush- Bagot Treaty (1817).......................................................................................................................................................106 8.32 Chapter Eight Practice Exam........................................................................................................................... 107 Chapter 9 The Era of Good Feelings and the John Quincy Adams Administration 1817-1829 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 110 9.1 Era of Good Feelings and the John Quincy Adams Administration 1817-1829............................... 110 9.2 The Monroe Presidency 1817-1825 ............................................................................................................... 110 9.3 Jackson’s Florida Invasion (1817)................................................................................................................... 110 9.4 The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) ........................................................................................................................ 110 The Convention of 1818 ............................................................................................................................................................110 9.5 The Monroe Doctrine ........................................................................................................................................... 111 Internal Development, 1820-1830........................................................................................................................................111 9.6 Postwar Boom......................................................................................................................................................... 111 9.7 The Depression of 1819 ...................................................................................................................................... 111 9.8 The John Marshall Court ..................................................................................................................................... 112 9.9 Mason-Dixon Line.................................................................................................................................................. 113 9.10 The Missouri Compromise (1820)................................................................................................................ 113 9.11 Tallmadge Amendment..................................................................................................................................... 113 Maine Becomes a State...............................................................................................................................................................113 9.12 Henry Clay’s Compromise Solution .............................................................................................................. 114 9.13 Missouri Compromise Final Outcome ......................................................................................................... 114 9.14 Culture, Economy, and Innovations.............................................................................................................. 114 The Growth of New York City..................................................................................................................................................114 The Farming Sector .....................................................................................................................................................................114 The Cotton Kingdom ...................................................................................................................................................................114 Trade with the Spanish ..............................................................................................................................................................115 The Transportation Revolution..............................................................................................................................................115 River Traffic ....................................................................................................................................................................................115 Road Building.................................................................................................................................................................................115 The Canal Era .................................................................................................................................................................................116 9.15 Industrialization ................................................................................................................................................. 116 The Putting Out System .............................................................................................................................................................116 The Rise of the Factory System...............................................................................................................................................116 The Corporation............................................................................................................................................................................116 The Lowell System .......................................................................................................................................................................117 The Growth of Unions.................................................................................................................................................................117 9.16 Education ............................................................................................................................................................... 117 Educational Development.........................................................................................................................................................117 Higher Education..........................................................................................................................................................................118 9.17 The Growth of Cultural Nationalism ............................................................................................................ 118 Achieve Page 8

U.S. History Study Guide

©2018 of 194 Literary Nationalism ...................................................................................................................................................................118 Significant American Authors .................................................................................................................................................118 9.18 The Election of 1824 .......................................................................................................................................... 119 The Candidates ..............................................................................................................................................................................119 The Election Results Go to Congress ....................................................................................................................................119 The Corrupt Bargain ...................................................................................................................................................................119 9.19 The Adams Administration 1825-1829 ...................................................................................................... 120 9.20 Return of the Two-Party System.................................................................................................................... 120 The Democratic Party and National Republican Party .................................................................................................120 9.21 The Election of 1828 .......................................................................................................................................... 120 9.22 Chapter Nine Practice Exam............................................................................................................................ 121 Chapter 10: Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion (1829-1848)............................. 123 10.1 Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion (1829-1848) ....................................................... 123 The Jacksonian Democracy, 1829-1841 .............................................................................................................................123 Jackson's Administration 1829-1837 ..................................................................................................................................123 10.2 The Petticoat Affair (Eaton Affair)................................................................................................................ 123 10.3 The Kitchen Cabinet and Spoils System...................................................................................................... 124 Federal Land Policy .....................................................................................................................................................................124 The Webster-Hayne Debate .....................................................................................................................................................124 10.4 Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Crisis..................................................................................... 124 10.5 South Carolina Exposition and Protest ....................................................................................................... 125 10.6 Nat Turner's Revolt ............................................................................................................................................ 125 10.7 Indian Removal Act of 1830 ............................................................................................................................ 126 Worcester v. Georgia...................................................................................................................................................................126 10.8 The Trail of Tears................................................................................................................................................ 126 10.9 The Bank War....................................................................................................................................................... 127 10.10 The Election of 1832........................................................................................................................................ 127 10.11 The Rise of the Whig Party............................................................................................................................ 128 10.12 The Election of 1836........................................................................................................................................ 128 10.13 Van Buren’s Administration 1837-1841.................................................................................................. 128 10.14 The Panic of 1837............................................................................................................................................. 128 10.15 The Election of 1840 and End of Jacksonian Era................................................................................... 129 The Candidates ..............................................................................................................................................................................129 10.16 The "Log Cabin Campaign" ............................................................................................................................ 129 10.17 Harrison Administration 1841-1841 ........................................................................................................ 129 10.18 John Tyler Administration 1841-1845 ..................................................................................................... 129 The Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 .................................................................................................................................130 10.19 Manifest Destiny ............................................................................................................................................... 130 The Growing Population............................................................................................................................................................130 10.20 The Election of 1844........................................................................................................................................ 130 10.21 Polk Administration 1844-1848................................................................................................................. 130 10.22 Texas Annexed into the Union..................................................................................................................... 131 10.23 The Lead-up to War with Mexico ................................................................................................................ 131 Achieve Page 9