Humanities Study Guide

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Humanities Study Guide 1st Edition 6/18/2020

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Humanities Study Guide

© 2020 Page 3 of 62 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Humanities ................................................................................................................................5 1.1 What are Humanities?.....................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Painting ..................................................................................................................................................................................5 1.3 Sculpture................................................................................................................................................................................7 1.4 Architecture .........................................................................................................................................................................8 1.5 Music........................................................................................................................................................................................9 1.6 Dance ....................................................................................................................................................................................10 1.7 Literature............................................................................................................................................................................11 Chapter 1 Review Questions:.............................................................................................................................................15 Chapter 2: Ancient Civilizations............................................................................................................................................17 2.1 The First Humans ............................................................................................................................................................17 2.2 The Classical Era - Ancient Greece .........................................................................................................................18 2.3 The Classical Era - Ancient Rome.............................................................................................................................19 2.4 Islamic Culture..................................................................................................................................................................21 Chapter 2 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................22 Chapter 3: Early Middle Ages.................................................................................................................................................23 3.1 Early Middle Ages............................................................................................................................................................23 3.2 Feudal Europe ...................................................................................................................................................................24 3.3 Monastic Style ...................................................................................................................................................................24 3.4 Romanesque Style...........................................................................................................................................................24 3.5 Early Medieval Music, Drama, and Philosophy .................................................................................................24 Chapter 3 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................26 Chapter 4: The Late Middle Ages..........................................................................................................................................27 4.1 The Gothic Awakening ..................................................................................................................................................27 Chapter 4 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................30 Chapter 5: The Early Renaissance .......................................................................................................................................31 5.1 The Birth of the Renaissance .....................................................................................................................................31 5.2 Developments of the Early Renaissance...............................................................................................................32 Chapter 5 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................34 Chapter 6: High and Late Renaissance ..............................................................................................................................35 Achieve

Humanities Study Guide

6.1 High Renaissance in Italy.............................................................................................................................................35 6.2 The Late Renaissance in Europe ..............................................................................................................................36 6.3 The Reformation in England ......................................................................................................................................37 Chapter 6 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................39 Chapter 7: The 17th Century..................................................................................................................................................40 7.1 The Baroque and Neoclassical ..................................................................................................................................40 7.2 New Sciences and New Ideas .....................................................................................................................................42 Chapter 7 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................44 Chapter 8: The 18th Century and Enlightenment ........................................................................................................45 8.1 New Ways of Thinking ..................................................................................................................................................45 8.2 Social Unrest ......................................................................................................................................................................46 8.3 The Arts ................................................................................................................................................................................46 Chapter 8 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................49 Chapter 9: The 19th Century..................................................................................................................................................50 9.1 The Industrial Revolution............................................................................................................................................50 9.2 The Beginning of Modernism.....................................................................................................................................51 Chapter 9 Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................55 Chapter 10: The 20th Century...............................................................................................................................................56 10.1 The Early 20th Century..............................................................................................................................................56 10.2 Modernism and Postmodernism...........................................................................................................................57 Chapter 10 Review Questions ...........................................................................................................................................60 Review Questions Answer Key..............................................................................................................................................61

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Humanities

1.1 What are Humanities? Humanities are the study of the creative processes that humans have historically used to express themselves. These include, but are not limited to, arts such as paintings, sculptures, dance, music, and literature. The focus is to unpack these arts not for their physical worth, but for how they bring awareness to the values that connect us as humans. By looking at these works of art, we can understand other cultures, past and present. Art has helped many people celebrate the good and remember the devastating times in history. Art teaches us what humans have valued throughout time and pushes us to think about our own experiences in creative ways. Simply put: art reveals the essence of our human existence by bringing emotion to life. When studying humanities, we have five important terms to remember when speaking about art: values, taste, artistic form, perception, and conception. Values, which can vary from person to person, are objectives and events that we care about. Taste, on the other hand, is someone's personal preference. This can be anything from ice cream, to music, to perfume; it's what that individual likes. Artistic Form is an artistic composition or structure that conveys meaning. Think of why an author or artist has chosen to create a novel rather than a play, or an oil painting rather than a sculpture. Perception is, as it sounds, anything you can observe. Finally, Conception is what you already know about the work or about the context it exists in. We will use these terms throughout the course to refer to the art we are studying. 1.2 Painting Paintings are our snapshots throughout history. In our daily life, the magic of the world around us becomes mundane, and we often lose our sensitivity to light, color, texture, and beauty in our lives. Paintings give a little bit of that magic back as they invite us to look at the patterns, texture, composition, color, reflections of light, lines, shapes, and the use of different types of paint. In the art world, the medium is the artist's paint of choice . The most common forms of mediums used in paintings are tempera, fresco, oil, watercolor, and acrylic. Artists surprisingly need more than just paint to create a masterpiece; they need a binder. A binder is a substance that is applied to the canvas to allow the paint to stick; it can be any substance that holds a pigment to a surface. Medium Tempera is a paint that is usually mixed and bound by egg yolk. It produces a flat color and is typically used on wood surfaces. Cimabue's Madonna and Child Enthroned with Angels is an example of a painting that uses tempera. Fresco is a color pigment that gets dissolved in lime water. Once combined, the substance is applied to wet plaster to dry very quickly. Because of the plaster, it is usually used on walls or ceilings like Michelangelo's Creation of Adam. The downside of this medium

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is that the paint dries quickly, which leaves no room for error. Oil paints are versatile, allowing the painter to choose the thickness, and they are slow to dry, which leaves room for corrections. Watercolor is slightly translucent in color, but it lends to broad brushstrokes that are typically less detailed than other paints. Acrylic paint takes on a plastic-like resin that dries quickly and is easy to apply. This paint has become extremely popular with modern artists for a wide range of intensity in color and versatility. Artists in Asian countries have been using ink as their medium of choice for centuries. Lastly, when the artist blends a plethora of elements like acrylic, sand, and gold leaf, this is known as mixed media . Lines and Colors Line is a continuous marking made by making a point on a surface. Horizontal and vertical lines can help separate elements neatly in a picture, providing a pleasing aesthetic. Diagonal lines, on the other hand, have a way of making the viewer feel tension or movement. If the painter desires to convey softness and flow, they will typically use curving lines. Shapes present in paintings can be linear, irregular, regular, or just meant to evoke emotions. Shapes create perspective or the illusion of depth. Piet Mondrian's Broadway Boogie Woogie is an example of linear artwork. Painters and art critics often sight the imaginary line that determines the basic visual direction of the painting called the axis line. Color and Light Colors are all around us; they can be used to evoke emotions, create depth, and emphasize features. In art, hue, saturation, and value are the three elements that compose color. Hue is the name of the color itself, like red or blue. Saturation is the pureness or vividness of the color, such as the redness of red. Value is the shading and definition in a painting, usually understood by lights and darks. Paintings themselves have so many components to them, but something that artists may also include in a work of art is texture. Texture is how the painting itself feels. Paintbrushes may leave strokes where the paint is thicker, or an artist may use a pallet knife to add dots and globs of paint. Patterns are often present in all types of art; we define patterns as the repetition of shapes, lines, or images. Compositions Another element of art that we need to discuss is composition. Composition refers to the organization and relationship of elements to one another. There are six principles for evaluating a painting's composition. The first is balance , or the equilibriumof opposing visual forces in a painting. For example, Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper uses balance to create symmetry. He uses the shape of the individuals at the table to balance one another off both the vertical axis and the central figure, Jesus Christ. Gradation is the second of the six elements and it refers to the changes in details and regions, like the gradual variations of shapes, shadowing, and colors to create space, distance, or depth. Despite paintings being pictures on flat surfaces, they can still imply movement of their subjects. Movement and rhythm are ways that paintings control the viewer's vision. A great

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© 2020 Page 7 of 62 example of this is shown in The Creation of Adam because the audience can feel God moving from right to left to touch Adam's finger. An artist may do this with lines or by showing things in motion like clothing or trees. Proportion is the term we use to describe the emphasis on items in the work due to their scaling. For example, consider a painting with a large donkey and small people in the background. The donkey is large, implying that it is closer than the tiny people who are presumably far away. When we look at all the elements in a painting and how cohesive it feels, we consider this the unity. Lastly, we have variety , or the contrast of details, colors, shapes, and regions within a work of art. All of these elements together create the composition of a painting. Abstract Paintings When we picture great paintings in our minds, we typically picture those with clearly defined subjects, like women, ducks, or ponds. When we lose sight of what we are looking at, it can be easy to dismiss the work for something childish or not worthy of prestige. This concept would break a lot of abstract artist's hearts. Abstract or non-representational paintings typically have no subject, but they emphasize lines, color, and texture. The goal of abstract art is to represent the qualities and elements that stimulate our vision or sensa . By appealing to our sensa, abstract art frees us from our human habit of only seeing subjects and not diving into our emotions. Another aspect of abstract art is presentational immediacy , or having an awareness of something all at once, not piece by piece. For example, this would be like looking at a painting and seeing the artworkwhile recalling a memory or dreaming of a new place. Evaluating Paintings When we evaluate paintings, it is important to look at the qualities we have discussed and how they contribute to the painting. It’s useful to consider the choices an artist has made, especially if they choose to follow conventional rules...or if they specifically choose to break them! 1.3 Sculpture Unlike paintings, sculptures are predominately things we picture as being three-dimensional. They are ancient forms of creative expression that transcend time. Typically, they are either representative or abstract. One of the most common subjects of sculptors is the human body and its various forms. The first sculptures we will discuss are sunken relief , and for these works, sculptors typically carve into a rock. They project inwards and are dependent on light and touch to be experienced. Low relief sculptures also project inwards but are not as prominent as sunken. The depth of the sculpture or risen parts is minimal. High relief sculpture refers to art that has been carved into a material, and while some remains connected to the source, there is a protruding portion that is emphasized. Full- round sculptures are free-standing and usually more difficult to create. These are the three- dimensional sculptures that we picture in our brains. Sculptures can be made of almost any material, but there are generally only two ways for an artist to create them. The first way is the subtractive process , or removing material to create the work of art. Usually, this is done with stone or wood, and Achieve

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© 2020 Page 8 of 62 the artist chips away, sands, and takes off layers until they are finished. The additive process creates sculptures by layering material one on top of another. This process is common with plaster, clay, wax, and sometimes metal. The artist's process is unique to them and can be altered however they choose; these are merely examples of the most common techniques. Other elements that add to sculptures are texture, movement, and location. Although statues in formal settings are discouraged from being physically touched, our minds still understand what it would feel like to touch them. This concept is related to the texture of the sculpture; it can add a conveyed meaning. For example, Michelangelo’s David is made of marble, which is smooth and appears flawless; this makes the statue feel perfect, pristine, and almost inhuman. Similarly, metal can feel industrial and harsh, andwood feels rustic and primitive. These are subjective and dependent on your personal taste, but critics agree that a material conveys meaning. The way the sculptor places the body or subject can give off a feeling of movement . Some positions imply stagnation, while others can make you feel like they are in mid-step by the placement of the foot. Freed sculptures are pieces of art that move. This type of sculpture has become more prevalent in modern times, especially after the creation of the mobile in the 20th century. Lastly, the location , where the sculptor places and intends for the sculpture to be, is often part of the artwork. Many sculptures are made to be placed in temples, churches, and nationalist locations, while others are in parks or select areas that influence the inspiration of the art itself. People use all these elements and traits to evaluate sculptures. 1.4 Architecture Architecture has been evolving for centuries, and when we look through the past, we can see how the buildings were unique and creative structures. Architecture is, simply put, a hollowed-out structure that we experience by moving through its insides and outsides. Architecture is defined as the shaping of buildings and spaces. Due to the cost of building such monumental structures, great architecture is strongly associated with money and power. Three essential elements must be present in great architecture: design, material, and function. Design is the most important part of a building because it is the way it uses space. Remember, architecture is an art form that gets to encapsulate a space and turn it into something else. An architect may design a centered space , building something to focus on an object or feature . The object or feature may have a gravity towards it, where everything seems to lead to this one location within the building (for example, a stadium is built to bring everyone’s attention to a court). When an architect designs space to promote comfort, calm, and a feeling of freedom, we call this living space . Sometimes the building itself is the center of life, and everything bustles around its doors; this is called a configurational center -- think of perhaps a Town Hall, or a Library. Although the buildings themselves are works of art, they also hold a purpose for everyday life. For example, consider the great Notre Dame, in Paris. Most people would not mistake it for a hospital or office building; the function or purpose is evident. The earliest architects constructed their buildings Achieve

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with their function at the forefront of their minds. Whether it was a temple to honor God or a palace for royalty, it had to be appealing to the eye and serve its purpose. Depending on the function and time period, the elements of the exterior will vary. One type of the earliest beam constructions is the post-and-lintel . This form uses strong, vertical pieces to support top horizontal sections, and it was one of the first building designs that went beyond basic earth formations. Post-and-lintel then became more elaborate, seen as columns you would recognize in Greek temples. It has more parts, including the stylobate , a thick, stone base at the bottom, supporting the column. The column is the vertical support beam that holds up the roof. The entablature is the horizontal part at the top of the columns or vertical beams used for decoration or embellishment. The pediment , or the point at the top of a building that looks like an obtuse triangle laid on its widest side, is another design element that architects have used. Before an architect can even begin with these design elements, they must choose the material. The longevity of the structure and its ability to withstand the fierce forces of nature will depend on the material that is used. This choice can also reflect how the exterior of the building is perceived. Sometimes the outside of a structure is for beauty, and the interior is all about function. Other times, the exterior is about function rather than decoration. It solely depends on what the architect chooses, and this is how we can evaluate architecture. 1.5 Music Music is the oldest and most powerful of the arts, partially because sounds can create involuntary reactions. Whether a person listens to a vocalist or a person singing words, they will react to the sounds produced and their correlation to the words. Imagine listening to the saddest song you have ever heard; similarly, think about a happy or exciting song. You likely reacted to the beat and lyrics of the song, which made the experience memorable. When we analyze music, we first need to understand some musical terms. The tone is the musical sound or what is being sung or played. Scale is a predetermined sequence of notes. The Sound of Music's do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do, is an example of a major scale. When we refer to the color of music, we are talking about how the tones sound. Some examples of color in music are bright, dark, and raspy. Pitch refers to how high or low a sound is. Dynamics describe what movement the music is taking on a decibel level. For example, when a musician creates music that goes from quiet to loud, it is called a crescendo. A decrescendo is the opposite, when the music goes from loud to soft. The composer marks these on the music, using piano (quiet), pianissimo (very quiet), forte (loud), and fortissimo (very loud), to name a few. A composer is the person who wrote the music. They combine tempo, rhythm, and melody to represent an internal tune. The tempo is how fast or slow the music should be played or sung. Rhythm is the beat or unique combination of accents and duration of notes. Melody is the series of notes that take center stage to the audiences' ears. The typical arrangement of melody in

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songs follows an A-B-A format. For instance, an initial melody (A) is followed by a slightly different melody (B) and then the restatement of the first melody (A). All of these are played within a key or an agreed-upon scale consisting of certain intervals between notes. Also, a predetermined meter tells the musicians how many beats one musical note gets. Lastly, we have chords , notes that, when played together, can represent an entire musical key. Guitarists generally play chords more than individual notes. Chords can have consonance or dissonance within them. Consonance is the sound that two notes make that is usually appealing to the ear. Dissonance is when two or more notes do not sound "good" to the listener. They will clash in some way that is considered displeasing. When this happens, it creates contrast , or variation in the sounds of the music. Usually, this contrast is achieved by a variety of musical instruments and the different colors they produce. One thing we cannot agree on is the purpose of music. Some believe it is for whimsical enjoyment, while others think it challenges the brain's growth and development. In the early days, people told stories through music and passed along lessons from generation to generation. Historically it has been used to define countries, praise God, and signal the start of war. Usually, the setting in which a performance is about to take place is a good indicator of the purpose of the performance. 1.6 Dance The ancient, culturally unique art formof dance can be challenging to define and describe to someone. Ultimately, dance is defined as the moving body shaping the space around it. The focus remains on the visual patterns the body makes that draws the audiences' attention. Dance is typically performed on a stage and contains some similarities to theater, such as music and a narrative. While some dancers improvise or make it up on the spot, most perform a choreographed piece. A choreographer is someone who designs and coordinates a dance, usually with multiple dancers involved. Most popular dances are trying to tell a story or evoke an emotion from the spectator. They may use a technique called mimetic, where they imitate real-life motions to convey their story. The art form of dance includes rhythm and a pattern that the dancer's body follows. Historically, people have used dance as a part of ancient rituals and social venues. For example, African tribes beat drums and chant to celebrate a boy reaching manhood, or social court dances occurred during the Middle Ages as a way for families to connect with others and form new relationships. For this course, we will categorize dance into one of these groupings. Ballet is the ancient and demanding art form that highlights leaps, poses, and turns, with the intent to tell a story set to music. Those who aspire to be professional ballerinas must undergo rigorous, painful training that pushes the human body to its full potential. Popular dance includes traditional dances performed at ceremonies, social events, or religious services. In modern times, we could use the Macarena as an example of a social dance. These dances can be complex and require previously attained social knowledge. The last form is modern dance, which for us is defined as a dance that focuses on freedom and self-expression. That is not to say that other dances do not allow the

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participants to express themselves, but modern dance keeps expression as its central focus, above form and storytelling, unlike ballet and popular dance 1.7 Literature Before we as humans could write down the lessons and stories of our ancestors, we used songs and the spoken word. Ezra Pound once described great literature as “language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree." We use literature to encompass a variety of writing types, but we can classify them all into two groups: poetry or prose. Poetry is work that uses stanzas to arrange words into a free-flowing piece, and prose is formed by paragraphs that follow traditional grammar rules. In other art forms, usually we discuss the elements of style in detail before analyzing, but with literature, we need to knowwhat to look for before reading it. When reading poetry or prose, a person should reflect on the underlying meaning. The first step includes discussing how the author uses rhetorical devices to communicate a message to readers. Next, we address the time period in which the work was created and decide if additional context is needed. Lastly, after we read, we look for a deeper meaning or theme to understand the message the author is trying to convey. Authors use many literary devices to convey meaning in text. To understand literature at its greatest, we must become familiar with these terms. Firstly, an allegory is something that represents a real- life event, person, or issue. Think of it as a reference to something real in that time period or culture. An allusion is an indirect reference to a historical, cultural, social, literary, or political event, figure, or concept. Martin Luther King Jr's I have a Dream speech refers to the political, social, and cultural unrest at the time. Anaphora is the repetition of the first part of a sentence or phrase. We can see examples of this in many great works of literature. One famous example can be found in the following biblical verse: "There is a time for everything and a season for everything under the heavens; a time to be born and a time to die, a time to plant and a time to uproot,..." The phrase "a time for" repeats several times in this paragraph. An antithesis is a juxtaposition or a meeting of two opposing ideas. An author uses antithesis when he presents two different thoughts in a sentence: "United we stand, divided we fall." A euphemism is a gentler, more diplomatic way of saying something. People use euphemisms to describe something without explicitly stating it. Instead of saying "he is bald," a person might say, "he is getting thin on top." A hyperbole is an overstatement or an exaggeration. Some common hyperboles are "I had to wait in line all day" or "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse." We consider statements like these to be hyperboles because the person exaggerates the truth to some extent. Imagery is an author's use of descriptive words to paint a mental picture for the reader. Imagery evokes all five senses and draws on our shared human experiences to create an idea or image. Irony is the use of words so that the intended meaning is different from the actual purpose. An author uses irony when they say one thing, but often mean or do the opposite. For instance , sharing an article on Facebook about the uselessness of Facebook would be an example of irony. Personification is the assignment of human characteristics

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© 2020 Page 12 of 62 to nonhuman elements. For example, "The leaf danced in the wind" is an example of personification because a leaf cannot dance as a human dances. Metaphors and similes are similar in that they both compare two things. A metaphor is an indirect comparison between two dissimilar or unrelated things. A metaphor does not use "like" or "as," but sometimes uses "are" or "is." "Her smile is the sunshine on a rainy day" is one example of a metaphor. The author compares the girl's smile to sunshine on a rainy day, or indirectly, he equates her smile to happiness on a sad day. A simile is a direct comparison between two things, ideas, objects, or people. A simile typically uses the words "like" or "as." For example, "the boy ran quietly like a mouse through the hall" is an example of a simile. In this case, the author compares the boy's running to a quiet mouse. Symbolism is when an object represents an idea other than the object itself. Common examples of symbolism include a heart to show love, a dove to represent peace, or a smiley face to express happiness. When we discuss literature in detail, some of the first elements we will explore are tone and mood. The tone is the author's attitude towards a topic. Someone who writes a poem about how they hate broccoli has a negative tone towards the vegetable. The mood is what the author creates to make the audience feel a certain way about a topic. When the writer uses tone and mood properly, it helps the reader determine how to feel. Both elements require the reader to infer while reading because it is often not stated plainly in the text. Generally, every piece of literature has a character. Characterization is the development of characters within the story. There tend to be two types of characters, static and dynamic. Static characters stay the same throughout the story; they do not evolve or have an "ah-ha" moment. Dynamic characters, however, change or grow throughout the story. An author typically uses two approaches to deliver information about a character and to build their image. Direct/Explicit characterization takes a straightforward approach towards building the character. The author uses another character or the narrator to tell the reader who this person is. Indirect/implicit characterization is much more subtle. The author introduces the character to the audience, but they have to deduce who they are by the way they act, the character's thought process, speech, or behavior. Both types of characterization achieve the task of introducing the character, but the traits and qualities of the individual are perceived differently. Authors also use different techniques to place the reader in a position in the story. In the first-person point of view , the author writes the story from the perspective of a character in the story and uses words like "I" and "we" frequently. Second-person writing is used to connect the reader to the text, using words like "you" to imply the reader's position in the piece. The author uses this point of view when he or she talks directly to the reader. The second-person point of view often can be seen in non- fiction pieces such as speeches, letters, and advertisements, and is rarely used in fictional works. The third-person point of view happens when the author tells the story through an outsider's perspective. The third person takes two forms: omniscient and limited. Think of themeaning of the Achieve

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word "omniscient." Omniscient means "all-knowing." When an author tells a story through the omniscient point of view, the author or narrator tells the story from an outsider's perspective, describing what is going on around them. Still, they also know what every character is thinking in the plot. Limited is also told from an outsider's perspective using words like "he," "she," "they," but they do not know what everyone is thinking. Instead, the narrator only knows what one character is thinking and feeling in the story. These elements help place us in the story plot and offer unique experiences. Think about your favorite novel, and imagine it told from a different point of view; think about how this changes the presentation of the story. Conflicts occur not only in life but also in literature, and they can be between two people, one person or nature herself. We use this term here to describe the struggle between two opposing forces. Internal conflict addresses the struggle a character has with his or her own emotions or intentions, whereas external conflict deals with the struggle between two characters or entities. A theme is themessage an author is trying to convey, that is more than a simple cliche or moral. Some common themes that authors might use include friendship, love, relationships, and loyalty. Identifying the theme of a story is a higher-order thinking skill and requires the reader to make inferences about the text. A suitable method for determining the theme is to ask yourself to summarize the writing in a single word or phrase after reading. Then, stretch that word into a statement to determine the message that the author was trying to convey. Poetry When we analyze poetry, we are looking at how a poet arranges a poem on paper. We consider how many stanzas are present, the punctuation, the breaks in the lines, and whatever other details we can see. The diction is the word choice that the author makes; the informal or formal phrases and words can change the tone, characterization, and theme of the poem. Sonic devices are resources writers use to convey and reinforce the meaning or experience of their writing through the skillful use of sound. These are especially important for poets. After all, poets are trying to use a concentrated blend of sound and imagery to evoke an emotional response. Understanding sonic devices is crucial both for analysis and for one's writing. One sonic device is alliteration , which uses a stream of words that all start with the same first phoneme. For example, "someone sang a song" uses alliteration since four of the words begin with the same "s" sound. The use of alliteration can suggest a humorous or even a threatening tone. Assonance is the repetition of a similar set of vowel sounds, typically used to emphasize intensity, mood, and imagery. Examples of assonance include "go and mow the lawn" or "here and there and everywhere." A cacophony is defined as a harsh mixture of sounds. In poetry, a cacophony is the use of words with harsh consonants, usually at the beginning of a word. A poet might use cacophony to set a mood of negativity and unhappiness. An onomatopoeia is a word that attempts to emulate a sound such as bang , zoom , crash , and smack . Poets use onomatopoeia tomake their writing enjoyable and to provide variety in their poems. A combination of all these elements can determine the heart and intention of a work of literature.

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We have now looked at a variety of essential terms across all the humanities. With this understanding of the foundations of literature and humanities, we can build upwards and explore each art form throughout history. In the next part of this book, we will look at the humanities in more detail and learn about specific works of art throughout time.

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Chapter 1 Review Questions: 1. What is the difference between a low relief structure and a high relief structure? a. Low relief: the inward depth is minimal; High relief: the art has been carved into the material and some remains connected to the source. b. Low relief: lower to the ground; High relief: often found in higher places. c. Low relief: the sculptor carves into the material; High relief: sculptor uses materials that are found in the environment. d. Low relief: designed with a specific purpose; High relief: built to invoke emotions in the viewers. e. There is no difference between the two types of sculptures. 2. Which of the following is an example of an internal conflict? a. The main character cannot get to work because of the stormy weather. b. The main character must learn to overcome her fear of spiders. c. The main character realizes that his actions towards others makes him a bully. d. The main character has an argument with his friend because they do not agree on which activity they should do together. e. Both B and C

3. Which of the following humanities is defined as the way the human body forms around space? a. architecture b. dance c. paintings d. sculptures e. music 4. How would an architect design a centered space? a. The architect designs the space for comfort and enjoyment. b. The architect creates the space to be functional and serve a purpose. c. The architect focuses the space around one object. d. The architect designs the space to be beautiful, so that people want to look at it. e. The building itself is designed to the center of life and everything bustles around its doors. 5. Which of the following is not classified as a medium? a. Oils b. Tempura c. Fresco d. Acrylic e. Waterpaints

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6. Which sonic device in poetry uses a stream of words that all start with the same first phoneme? a. alliteration b. assonance c. cacophony d. homonym e. onomatopoeia 7. Which of the following refers to the third- person omniscient point of view? a. The author tells the story through an outsider’s perspective. b. The story is told from an outsider’s perspective and the narrator knows one character’s thoughts and feelings in the story. c. The story is told from an outsider’s perspective and the narrator knows what every character is thinking in the plot. d. The author talks directly to the reader and uses words like “you.” 8. Which of the following is correctly paired? a. Melody: how high or low a sound is b. Pitch: series of notes the audience hears c. rhythm: beat or combination of accents and duration d. scale: how fast or slow the music is played e. tempo: predetermined sequence of notes

9. Which medium did Cimabue use in painting Madonna and Child Enthroned with Angels ? a. acrylic b. fresco c. oil d. tempura e. watercolor 10. When you are examining a painting’s contrast of details, colors, shapes, and regions, what composition principle are

you evaluating? a. balance b. gradation c. proportion d. unity e. variety

Answer Key on Page 61

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Humanities Study Guide

Chapter 2: Ancient Civilizations

Overview In this chapter we go back to the beginning of human culture to understand how the humanities developed in the most basic civilizations. We’ll move quickly through time, as artifacts are fewer and far between up until the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Learning Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to • Identify and describe the earliest human art forms • Discuss the architectural contributions of various ancient civilizations • Identify the main parts of Greek theater and art • Describe the Ancient Greek and Roman philosophies • Identify the significant contributions of modern literature 2.1 The First Humans There is some speculation about the origin of the first humans. Some scientists believe that the first humans were descendants of chimps and evolved into the people we know today. Many religions teach that a divine creator made the first humans. Either way, the first humans on Earth formed social structures of kinship networks and families, and they began expressing themselves through art. Sc lpture Sculptures are the oldest form of human art that has been discovered. One titled Venus of the Fels Cave is thought to be the absolute oldest ever recorded. It is a figure of a Venus made of ivory that was unearthed in a cave in Germany in 2008. Most sculptures from these times are depictions of mammals, birds, or women. The most common sculptures are those of stone women, with often exaggerated features. There have also been ancient sculptures discovered in India, of bronze, dancing girls that were created between 3300 - 1700 BCE. Early societies in the region of China used jade to carve sculptures -- usually dragons or other culturally significant creatures. Paintings Caves in southwest Europe are home to some of the humanities' first paintings and engravings. The images often show animals and may have been ritual worship sites. Ancient Egyptians also used paintings in their tombs and temples. The paintings in tombs were often designed to help guide the spirit into the afterlife.

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Architecture The first humans usually lived in caves or habitats that were already structured. Instead of building home spaces, they often made mounds of soil or stone for worship spaces similar to Stonehenge in England. The Megalithic temples in Malta (just south of Italy), is another example of a famous ancient sculpture. These temples date back to 3500 BCE and are the oldest structures in the world. One of the most recognizable examples of ancient architecture is the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt. Ancient Egyptians constructed the earliest known pyramid between 3500 -2600 BCE. These complex, monumental structures are some of the oldest known to humans. The Mesopotamian people also created innovative architecture during this time, such as the great Ziggurats, built around 3000 BCE. Literature The earliest forms of writing came about as pictorial symbols to create descriptions. These forms include the hieroglyphics of the Ancient Egyptians as well as Cuneiform from the Mesopotamians. Cuneiform is a form of sunken relief sculpture that was used to express ideas. It eventually inspired the modern written alphabet. Hieroglyphics were pictures and symbols that the Egyptians would paint or carve into the temples and pyramids, telling the stories of the Pharaohs. They also served to recall legends of the gods they worshipped. 2.2 The Classical Era - Ancient Greece Philosophy Ancient Greeks were known for their philosophical ideas that had a lasting impact on our modern world. To them, philosophy meant the love of wisdom, and it helped them make sense of the world. Famous Greek philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates thought that the best way to get to the truth was through debate in a question and answer format. This way of thinking became known as the “Socratic Method,” which is still used today in many secondary level courses. Plato was the creator of the idea of the republic. He thought that people needed to detach themselves from their human desires and strive for intelligence instead. He was an advocate for change and innovation, claiming it was the only way to thrive. Aristotle wrote on many subjects, including science, ethics, logic, and politics. His collected works formed an encyclopedia of Greek knowledge. He emphasized that careful observation of the world is what defined happiness and gave meaning to life. Aristotle challenged many of Plato’s ideas, arguing that constitutional democracy was a better form of government than an aristocracy.

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Sculpture Sculptures – either freestanding or attached – were often used to decorate the pediment or frieze on sacred Greek buildings. Sculptures were statements of civic pride and achievement, and they depicted the lives of Greek gods and goddesses. Music Music during this time functioned similarly to how we use it today. It was present in marriages, ceremonies, theater, and poetry. The lyre , a stringed instrument resembling a harp, was a common feature along with double reed pipes. Theater The Greeks created the foundations for the theater experience we know today. They built amphitheaters for people to watch actors perform and recite poetry. The themes of these performances centered around the retelling of stories of the gods they worshipped. Most notably, the Greeks created tragedies, comedy plays, and two forms of dramas. The two most popular playwrights of the time were Sophocles and Aristophanes . Greek mythology influenced the plots of the tragedies, which had themes of moral right and wrongs, and unhappy endings. Comedy plays contained songs, dances, and costumes. There were often moments of verbal debate or challenges with fast-changing scenes and fantasy elements. Architecture The Classical Greeks are perhaps best known for their temple architecture and sculptures. These works reveal an intense religious devotion and emphasis on the human form. The most common style was with the use of posts (columns) and lintels (beams) construction. We can see examples of these in the Parthenon and Acropolis. The elements of Greek architecture are most notable in the post formations. The tops tell the difference of what the purpose of the structure is. For example, the Doric order communicates solid strength and simplicity. The Ionic order suggests refinement and sophistication. The Corinthian order projects wealth and grandeur. 2.3 The Classical Era - Ancient Rome Architecture Rome is known for the invention of the arch . It could bear more weight than Greek post and lintel techniques, thus allowing Romans to build more daring structures. These buildings with arches often served multiple functions instead of just one.

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